『壹』 股票投資的風險有哪些方面
你好，股票的風險分為系統風險和非系統風險兩大部分，包括：政策風險、宏觀經濟周期、國際性危機、匯率利率的重大變動、政治及戰爭等不確定因素、企業的經營風險、財務風險、投資者操作失誤的風險、管理風險、流動性風險等等。
股票投資的具體風險
1.利率風險
利率風險是指由於市場利率水平的變動引起股票投資的實際收益率偏離預期收益率的可能性。前面已經說過，股票價格與利率水平成反比。股票價格的升降又是決定資本利得或權失從而決定股m投資收益率的關鍵因家。與此同時，當利率水平上升時，公司的經營成本增加，盈利減少，股息和紅利都要受到影響.從而影響股票的投資收益率。
2.購買力風險
股票投資的名義收益中包含著真實收益和通貨膨脹補償。當發生非預期的通貨膨脹時，股票投資的實際收益就會偏離預期收益.即實際購買力會偏離預期購買力，這就是購買力風險。
通貨膨脹使企業高估其利潤，較多地使用短期負債，借貸成本增加和流動性降低，所有這些都會姍加企業的風險，使得用於發放股利的資金減少，從而影響投資者的收益水平。即使企業的名義利潤增加.普通股的名義股利隨之上升，但由於股利的增長速度往往趕不上物價的上漲速度，因而實際投資收益下降。優先股的股息是固定的，通貨膨脹的上升則意味著其購買力的下降。並且，在通貨膨脹時期，資本收益率通常較高，因此，股票的價格將會下跌，導致股票投資的實際收益偏離預期收益。
3.市場風險
市場風險是指由於證券市場行情變動而引起的風險。這種行情變動可通過股票價格指數或股價平均數來分析。因政治經濟的宏觀因素，股份公司的微觀因求.以及技術和人為因素等個別或綜合作用於股票市場，致使股票市場的股票價格大幅波動，從而給投資者帶來經濟損失的風險。
股票市場行情變化會給投資者帶來經濟利益或扭失.當出現看漲市場時.股一票價格通常會上漲，投資者獲利的機會較大，當出現看跌市場時，股票價格通常一會下跌.投資者就可能遭受經濟損失。對於投資者來說，只要他持有股票或繼續進行股票的交易活動，那麼，他就面臨股票市場隨時可能出現的風險。股票市場最大風險是股市風潮風險。從西方國家的股市來看，股市風潮經常發生，還會發生股市危機。當股市危機發生時，股票價格一落千丈，給投資者造成慘重的經濟損失。例如.1987年10月19
H，美岡道·瓊斯30種工業股票平均價格指數一天之內暴跌508.32點，跌幅高達22.6%，使投資者很失了5000多億美元。
4.經營風險
經營風險是指由於公司在經營管理方面的原因而使投資者實際收益偏離預期收益的可能性。
公司經背狀況是企業股票行市的晴雨表。當公司經營狀況良好時，股價就可能上漲。當公司的經曹狀況欠佳，出現盈利下降時，會減少股東的股利收人，該股票的市場價格也會出現下跌的趨勢，影響股票投資者的收益。由此可見.公司的經首狀況對投資者來說可能帶來程度大小不同的風險。普通股的主要風險是經營風險，公司盈利的變化既會影響普通股的股息收人，又會影響股票價格。
任何一個理智的投資者總是試圖盡可能地消除他所面臨的風險.並取得較一高的收益。為了減少股票投資的風險，必須進行分散投資，即把資產系統地分散投資在風險程度不同的兒種股票上，建立合理的資產組合.這樣.各項資產的總收益可以不變，但所承擔的總風險要比個別資產風險的合計數要小。
風險揭示：本信息不構成任何投資建議，投資者不應以該等信息取代其獨立判斷或僅根據該等信息作出決策，不構成任何買賣操作，不保證任何收益。如自行操作，請注意倉位控制和風險控制。
『貳』 股市有風險 投資需慎重 用英文怎麼譯
Danger in stock market,carefulness in investment.
『叄』 股票籌資風險的英文摘要
The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.
1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.
2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.
3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.
(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.
3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.
The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release
『肆』 英語作文（投資前的風險准備）
Nowadays, more and more people are interested in making investment. Investment is no longer enjoyed only by rich people. However, no matter how big the investment project is, all the investors shall pay special attention to the following aspects and make the preparations accordingly.
First of all, the investors have to decide the form of the investment. There are so many types of investments, such as the stock market, real estate, establishing a company for certain business, and etc. Different types of investments have different risk level, pay back ratio and pay back term. The investors have to choose the right form according to many issues, such as the amount of the investment the investor wants to make, how long the investor is aiming to gain back the investment, how much risk the investor wants to take, and etc.
Second, the investors have to consider the partners for the investment. An investment may be carried out by only investor or by cooptation with other partners. If the investor wants to invite partners, he has to look for the suitable and honest partners.
Third, the investors also need to consider the feasibility of the project in consideration of laws. Especially in international investment, some forms of investments may be allowed under one legal system, but forbidden under another.
Generally, investors shall make the above preparations before the commencement of an investment. However, different types of investments will have different aspects. Some of them involves with environmental protection certificate, while some of them may involve with labor issues... Special attention shall be paid if such investment involves with special sectors.
投資不一樣准備也不一樣，如果有更詳細的投資內容請追問哈~
『伍』 描述股票上漲下降 英語作文
給你 中文與英文兩個版本 英文有沒有翻譯錯的 對照你自己整理下
影響股票價格的因素
影響股票價格變動的因素很多，但基本上可分為以下三類：市場內部因素，基本面因素，政策因素。
（1）市場內部因素它主要是指市場的供給和需求，即資金面和籌碼面的相對比例，如一定階段的股市擴容節奏將成為該因素重要部分。
（2）基本面因素包括宏觀經濟因素和公司內部因素，宏觀經濟因素主要是能影響市場中股票價格的因素，包括經濟增長，經濟景氣循環，利率，財政收支，貨幣供應量，物價，國際收支等，公司內部因素主要指公司的財務狀況。
（3）政策因素是指足以影響股票價格變動的國內外重大活動以及政府的政策，措施，法令等重大事件，政府的社會經濟發展計劃，經濟政策的變化，新頒布法令和管理條例等均會影響到股價的變動
Affect stock price factor Affect stock price changes by many factors, but basically can is divided into the following categories: market internal factors, fundamental factors, policy factors. (1) the market internal factors, it mainly refers to the market supply and demand, namely financing area and the relative proportion chips, such as certain stages of the stock market expansion rhythm will become the factors important parts. (2) fundamental factors include macroeconomic factors and internal factors, macroeconomic factors that can influence the market is mainly in stock prices of factors, including economic growth, economic cycle, rates, budgetary revenues and expenditures, money supply, price, international payments and so on, our company internal factors mainly refers to the financial position of the company. (3) policy factor is enough to affect stock price changes of important domestic and international activities and government policies, measures and laws to major events, the government's social and economic development plan, economic policy changes, the newly issued decrees and regulations etc all can affect stock price changes
影響股票價格重要經濟因素
股票價格是指在證券市場上買賣股票的價格。實際上股票只是一種憑證，本身並沒有價格，它之所以具有價格，能夠在市場上進行買賣，是因為它可以給持有者帶來股息收入。股票內在的價值的大小取決於未來預期實現盈利、貼現率和未來反復的年限。企業未來盈利越多，其現值越大，股票價格也越高，而貼現越高，股票內在價值就越低，股票價格也越低。所以，在西方股票市場上，人們都密切注視著企業未來盈利的狀況。但事實上，股票價格的確定十分復雜，因為人們對一個企業未來盈利狀況的看法並不全相同，有估計得比較悲觀，股票在他們眼裡的價值就低些，就要賣出；有的認為企業有發展的希望，股票在他們眼裡價值就高些，就要買進。當買者多於賣者時，股票的價格就上升；當買者少於賣者時，股票的價格就下跌。所以，股票的市場價格與內在價格更多的時候表現為一致，投資者往往尋找那些內在價值大於市場的股票。
這樣以來，就使股票的市場價格處於不斷變化之中。它不僅要受各種經濟因素的影響而且要受政治局勢、政府政策、投資者心理、報刊雜志的消息以及謠言等社會因素的影響。下面著重分析一下影響股票價格的主要經濟因素。
Affect stock price important economic factor Stock price "means in the stock market of stock price. Actually the stock is a certificate, does not itself, it is the price has price in the market, can be traded, because it gives the holder bring dividend income. Stock inner value depends on the size of the realization of the expected future earnings, the discount rate and future repeated the fixed number of year. Enterprise future earnings, the more its present value, the greater the stock price is higher also, and discount, the higher the stock intrinsic value will be lower, and stock prices also lower. So, in the west, people in the stock market is closely watched enterprise future earnings situation. But in fact, the determination of stock price is quite complex, because people to an enterprise future profitability opinion is not all the same, has an estimated more pessimistic, shares in their eyes the value of some lower, will sell, Some think the enterprise have the hope for the development of stock in their eyes, value as some taller, will buy. When buyers than sellers, stock prices went up, When buyers less than sellers, stock prices will fall. So, the price of stock market and inner price more of the time performance is consistent, investors tend to seek those intrinsic value than market shares. Since such, you will make the price of stock market is constantly changing. It should not only affected by various factors that influence the economic and political situation, by government policy, investor psychological, magazine, newspaper, news and rumors of social factors influence. Below are emphatically analyzed the influence of stock prices main economic factors.
一、股息
投資者之所以購買股票，是因為它能帶來不低於存款利息的股息。股份公司發行股票的數量，不是取決於它的實際資本擁有量，而是取決於股息的派發量。股息越高，購者越踴躍，股票的價格也越高。但是，股息的增加又取決於企業收益的增長。如果企業發行股票的數量增加了，而增資後的利潤卻為同步增長，股息將無法維持原有水平，必然要減少，股票價格也會隨之下降。歐美國家的一些企業，為了不斷發展業務，使企業收益日益增長，把公司的凈利潤大部分或全部留下，以擴大資本積累，用於生產和經營，只發放少量股息或不發放股息，並且，國家在稅收制度上也積極整套這樣伏。由於企業的股票以即使不發或少發股息，這種股票對投資者也仍有很大的吸引力。
A, dividends Investors had to buy shares, because it can bring not less than deposit interest of dividends. The number of shares of the company shares, not depend on its actual capital ownership, but on the dividend amount distributed. The higher the dividend, buy more enthusiastically, the price of a stock is higher also. But, dividend increase depends on enterprise earnings growth. If the number of shares issued by companies increased, and add endowment hind profits but for increased dividends will not be maintained original level, it's necessary to rece, stock price also is met subsequently decline. Some of the enterprise, European and American countries for continuous development business, make the business income increasing, the company's net income all or most left, in order to enlarge capital accumulation, for the proction and operation, only a few dividends or not issue stated dividend, and national taxation system also actively package of such volts. Because enterprise stock to even not hair or less dividend, stock to send the investor is still very attractive.
二、金融資本和稅收
股份公司常常向銀行借款，隨著借款額的增多，銀行對企業的控制也就逐漸加強並取得了相當的發言權。在企業收益減少的情況下，雖然他們希望能夠穩定股息，但銀行為了自身的安全，會支持企業少發或停發股息，因而影響了股票的價格。稅收對投資者影響也很大，投資者購買股票是為了增加收益，如果國家對某些營利事業在稅收給以優惠，那麼就能使這些企業的稅後利潤相對增加，使它們的股票升值。
Second, financial capital and revenue Joint-stock company often borrow from Banks, with the loan sum increase, bank of enterprise control also graally strengthened and made it quite claims. In the business income decrease case, although they hope to stabilize dividend, but bank for his own safety, will support enterprises or hair hair less dividend, thus affecting the stock prices. Tax on investors are significantly affected, investors buy stocks for increases the income, if the country for some profit-seeking enterprise in tax give preferential, then can make the enterprise's after-tax profits relative increase, make their stock appreciation.
三、經濟周期
在經濟繁榮時期，企業盈利多，股息高，股票則猛漲；在經濟危機時期，企業生產萎縮，股息下降，股價則猛跌；在經濟蕭條時期，股價漸有轉機；在進入復甦時期後，股價又開始上漲。所以，資本主義股票價格的變動，一般是與資本主義經濟周期相適應的。
Third, economic cycle In the economic boom, corporate profits, dividends, stock is soaring high, In the economic crisis periods, enterprise proction decline, stock dividend atrophy, is tumbled, In the economic depression, share price graally a swift, Before entering the recovery period, prices began to rise. So, capitalism stock price movements are generally capitalism and adapt to the economic cycle.
四、通貨膨脹
社會貨幣供應量的增減是影響股票價格的原因之一。通常，貨幣供應量增加，社會一部分閑置資金就會投向證券交易，從而抬高股價；相反，貨幣供應量減少，社會購買力降低，股價也必然下跌。由貨幣供應量不斷增大而導致的通貨膨脹，在一定限度內對生產有刺激作用，因為它能促進企業銷售收入和股票投資名義收益的增加，所以在銀行利率不隨物價同比例上升的條件下，人們為了保值，將不再熱心於存款，而轉向投資股票，使股票價格再提高。但是，如果通貨膨脹上升過猛，甚至了超過兩位數，那麼將造成人們實際收入下降和市場需求不足，加劇生產過剩，導致經濟危機，使股票價格下跌。
Four, inflation Social money supply and decrease of stock price is to influence factor. Normally, the money supply increase, and the society of idle fund will to securities trading and thus increase share, Instead, money supply decrease, social purchasing power is reced, stocks also inevitable decline. By increasing the money supply to inflation, within limits to proce a stimulating effect, because it can promote the enterprise sales revenue and stock investment income increase, so the name in bank interest rates are with the price with ratio rose, under the condition of people to value, will no longer eager to deposit, and turned to invest in stocks and shares to raise price again. But, if inflation rising vastly, even more than two digits, so will cause people to real income decrease and market demand, aggravate overproction, cause economic crisis, make share prices.
五、貼現率與利率
貼現是銀行放款的一種形式，貼現率與存款利率有密切的聯系。存款率越高，貼現率也越高。由於股票的價格與企業未來預期盈利成正比，與貼現率（利息率）成反比，所以貼現率（或利息率）的提高，會導致股票價格的下降。但西方國家往往在銀行利率上升時，股票市場依然活跌，原因是投資者常常在兩者之間選擇：銀行存款風險小，利率高，收入穩定，但不靈活，資金被固定在一段時間內不能挪作他用，並且通俗讀物以抵銷通貨膨脹造成的損失。而股票可以買賣，較為靈活，風險雖大，但碰上好運，可獲大利。所以，在銀行利率提高的情況下，仍然有一些具有冒險精神的投資者熱心於股票交易。
Five, the discount rate and interest rate Discount is a form of bank lending, the discount rate and deposit rates are closely linked. Deposit rate is high, the discount rate is higher also. Because the price of the stock and the enterprise the expected future earnings is proportional to the discount rate (interest) is inversely proportional to the discount rate (or interest rates, so the promotion of, will lead to stock price falls. But in western countries have often bank interest rate rises, the stock market is still alive, reason is that investors often dropped in between choice: bank deposit small risk, higher interest rates, the income is stable, but not agile, the fund was fixed in a period of time inside cannot be used for other purposes, and popular literature to offset the loss caused by inflation. Stock can be bought, more flexible, though large, but the risk can be awarded with good luck, Italy. So, in the case of higher bank interest rate, there are still some adventurous investors keen on stock trading.
六、科技發明
在產業結構調整和轉移時期，新產品的開發顯得越來越重要，股價也會受到它們的強烈沖擊。
新產品從開發完成至股價下跌這段時間，可分成三個階段：
1、當消息傳出以後，成了熱門話題，此時股價自然會上揚，尤其一旦有人用投機手段，則更容易暴漲。
2、已經成為人們爭相投資的對象，而這種新發明要普及化，需要很長時間，屆時還銷不出去的話，股價便會下跌。
3、假如新發明能夠提高公司的業績和利潤率，股價會上漲，若沒有預期效果，則跌幅很大。
因此，股票交易者必然充分注意這種規律，牢牢掌握股價的主動權。
Six, technological invention In the adjustment of instrial structure and the transfer of The Times, new proct development is becoming more and more important, share price is also under their strong impact. New procts from development completed to share fall this period of time, can be divided into three stages: 1 and when the news spread later, became a hot topic, when share prices will naturally rise, especially when someone with speculative method, then more easily boom. 2, has become people rushed to the object, but this kind of investment to popularize new invention, takes a long time, when we pin not go out, share price will decrease. 3, if new invention can improve the company's sales and profitability, price will rise, if do not have expected effect, then drop greatly. Therefore, stock traders must full attention to such laws, grip shares of the initiative.
『陸』 急求！一篇關於股票價值投資或投資風險方面的外文文獻翻譯！要中英文對照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字元
我國民營企業融資難原因是多層次多方面的。具體而言，主要有以下幾個方面：
2.1 企業自身原因
2.1.1 民營企業缺乏信譽
在一個競爭激烈的市場經濟環境下，企業信譽是非常重要的。然而從國外到國內，從「安然」到「藍田」，國際國內大型企業及企業集團都面臨危機，更何況普通的民營企業。談到給中國企業誠信打分的問題的話，著名的經濟學家張維迎認為，是不及格的5分以下，連6分都達不到。民營企業的分數更低，其深層次的原因有以下幾個方面：
1、 從民企自身來看，管理水平不高，賬目不清，一個公司內部有好幾本帳，內部法人治理機構不健全，生產效率不高。這是導致中小企業信譽缺乏的基本原因。
2、 政府政策不穩定，即政府的短期行為導致企業尤其是民營企業缺乏建立企業信譽的積極性。政府政策的變化太多，朝令夕改，導致民營企業有種草的積極性，而沒有種樹的積極性，而企業信譽是一棵樹，十年樹木，民營企業缺乏積極性這也是導致民企信譽缺乏的重要原因。
3、 民營企業沒有明確的產權。產權是信譽的載體，我們企業講信譽，它的價值就增加，但是這個企業不是我的，增加了也沒有用，古人雲：無恆產者無恆心，現在是無恆產這無信任。如果破壞了產權也就破壞了企業的信譽基礎。
4、 政府的監管越多，企業就越不講信譽，企業越不講信譽，政府的監管就越多，最終形成一個惡性循環。監管與信譽是有關系的，政府監管越多，意味著政府的權利就越大，政府的自由度就越大，未來就越不穩定，未來越不穩定，企業就越不考慮未來，從而自然而然形成了不講信譽的態度。如在我國大量的中小煤礦，許多都不考慮大量投資安全設備，因為他投資安全設備需要幾百萬甚至幾千萬，但不知那一天隨著政府規定變化而可能被叫停。這就是政府的權利過大的導致的不考慮未來而缺乏信譽。
5、 腐敗，政府管得太多，從而導致腐敗，使企業不在乎市場和消費者而在乎政府，於是中小企業缺乏建立信譽的基礎。
2.1.2 民營企業受環境影響大
民營企業易受經營環境的影響，變數大，風險大，無法准確預測，難以吸收投資者注意，並且民企的生命周期短使得投資者投資的風險過大而不願意投資。同時，民企的資產相對的較少，負債能力有限，不能吸引太多的投資。
2.1.3 民營企業基礎薄弱
民營企業管理基礎薄弱，產權高度集中，導致內部決策缺乏靈活，機制僵化。董事會構成不合理直接影響到重大問題的決策，獨立董事形同虛設，監事會的地位不高，難以發揮監督作用。缺乏合理的法人內部治理機構，管理經驗缺乏，管理水平不高，財會制度落後，信息不透明，缺乏審計部門確認的財務報表和良好的經營業績，增加了銀行對民企財務信息審查難度。同時家族管理模式很大程度上制約了民營企業的二次創業。
綜上所述，由於民營企業管理水平不高、缺乏信譽，加之風險變數大，使得其資信等級底，加之內部供應水平不足，這是其融資難的根本原因。
2.2 社會金融環境方面
1、銀行貸款管理體制的制約。目前，企業獲取資金的主渠道依舊是銀行。現行的金融體系中，國有商業銀行貸款給國有大中型企業似乎天經地義，而面對廣大民企的貸款請求，往往不予支持，基層的銀行貸款許可權受到嚴格的限制，同時貸款審批程序煩瑣。一些縣級商業銀行變成了純儲蓄機構，只能吸收儲蓄，做一些基層的調查工作，沒有貸款權。地市級只有流動資金貸款許可權，中國大多數民企在基層，需要一層層上報到總行，審批程序煩瑣，而且，商業銀行激勵與約束機制不對稱，內部的存款利率不合理，導致銀行「偽市場化」，制約了基層銀行貸款的積極性和主動性。同時，國家嚴格限制中小金融機構和民間金融活動，使民企借貸無門。
2、銀行經營上的「惜貸」。銀行在為大企業和中小企業經辦貸款業務的時候，所花費的時間和人力相差無幾。但產生的效益明顯不同，民企貸款絕大部分是流動資金貸款，貸款要得急，頻率高，戶均數量少。貸款風險大且管理成本高。因此，銀行寧願做「批發」業務而不願做「零售」業務。對大企業是「爭貸」而對民營企業是「惜貸」。同時，銀行貸款資金向個人貸款和建設項目集中對企業尤其是民企貸款大幅度減少。如「2001年金融機構新增貸款12900億元，其中用於個人貸款2755億元，佔17.7%」。這意味著所有金融機構所吸收的存款越來越少用於貸款的同時，對企業尤其是民企的貸款比重減少的幅度更大。根據有關資料的顯示，遼寧省大連市的民營企業90%在銀行的沒有借款，上海復星高科技集團有限公司從創業直至公司年利潤近千萬，始終未能得到銀行一分錢的貸款和支持，1996年在中關村的上千家科技型企業中，能得到銀行貸款的僅僅只是200家左右。
3、金融中介機構缺乏。我國融資市場目前是過剩與缺乏並存：一方面金融機構和投資公司還有大量資金沒有投入；另一方面，民營企業卻告貸無門。許多民營企業由於沒有足夠的自有資本進行抵押貸款，只能依賴擔保性貸款，但是，專門為民營企業提供的擔保服務的擔保機構不多，即使有的地區建立了這種機構，也因擔保資金來源不足，擔保基金不能規避自身風險等方面的問題而難以有效運作。同時，擔保機構都非常明顯有參考政府的行為，在操作上，不是根據市場的實際和民營企業的現狀作為擔保的標准，商業行為不充分，資金投向不夠明確，從而導致扶持中小企業的成功率不高。並沒有從根本上解決民營企業的融資問題。
4、我國證券市場融資門檻過高。我國證券市場的建立和運作，同時也被賦予了著重為國有企業服務的特定功能。特別是在目前大多數國企處於困境的情況下，我國股票市場以促進國企改革為宗旨，重點扶持國有企業上市融資，政策嚴重向國有企業傾斜，在實行「額度管理」的股票發行機制下，民營企業要從相當緊張的發行額度中分得一杯羹，實在是難於上青天。直至目前為止，發行A股股票在深滬兩方證券交易所上市的企業沒有超過千家，但是民營企業寥寥無幾，且大多不是通過正常途徑直接上市，而是以高昂的代價購買一家已上市公司的部分或全部股權而直接上市的。至於民營企業進入債券市場，管理層也基本上持排斥態度。目前，我國公司債券發行實行的是規模管理，債券發行的年度規模管理、債券發行的年度規模及各項指標均由國務院統一確定且發行時優先考慮農業能源交通及城市公共措施項目。同時，要求發行債券的企業、股份有限公司凈資產不低於三千萬，有限責任公司凈資產不低於六千萬；累計債券總額不超過公司凈資產40%，最近三年平均可分配利潤足以支付公司一年的債券利息，債券發行公司必須有實力雄厚，信譽好的單位做擔保等，這一系列條件，限制了民營企業進入債券市場並通過債券方式融資。
總之，民營企業的保證缺乏、輔導薄弱以及一貫以來的銀行在體制上的歧視是其融資難的重要原因。
2.3 政府原因
政府的法律、法規、政策對中小企業的融資缺乏法力，各種政策法規沒有得到有效的執行。
1、不具備公平競爭的市場環境。扶持、鼓勵個體私營經濟發展的政策措施不到位，許多政策法規沒落到實處，或者在落實上打了折扣。與國有集體和外商投資企業相比，個體私營經濟在許多方面還處於不利地位，缺乏公平競爭的市場環境，如市場准入方面，許多行業和部門仍然不允許個體私營經濟進入，擁有進出口經營權的私營企業是鳳毛麟角，也不能設分支機構等。
2、政府管理不規范，宏觀調控乏力，許多有利於民企融資的政策未得到有效執行。政府對個體私營經濟的管理，涉及到工商、稅務、物價、城建、環保、衛生、計量、質量監督等多個部門，在對個體私營經濟管理中，往往出現相互交叉，缺乏協調的現象，增加了個體私營企業的負擔，又使他們無所適從。在對經濟機構協調方面，由於政府調控不力，致使私營經濟重復生產，處於粗放經營狀態。在監督方面，有的政府部門未能很好的履行監督職能，致使個體私營企業本身行動不規范。
3、「三亂」現象仍然較嚴重，社會保障體制不完善，不利於民企的內部積累。將個體私營企業的入社會保障范圍的力度不夠。目前，私營企業中從業人員的工資待遇、勞保福利得不到保障的現象帶有一定普遍性，導致個體私營企業在引進人才，留住人才方面有很大的困難。企業因人才流動過大而影響其穩定持續發展。此外，個體私營企業從業人員在申報戶籍管理、檔案存放、計算工齡、評職定級、子女入學等方面尚存在許多障礙。
由此，我們可以看到，政府在對待國有企業和民營企業體制上的不平等造成了在競爭上的不平等，造成了民企在融資上的劣勢。
『柒』 投資股票有哪些風險
股票投資風險是指股票投資中不能獲得投資收益、投資本錢遭受損失的可能性。股票投資風險包括兩部分內容：
（1） 股票投資收益風險。投資的目的是使資本增值，取得投資收益。如果投資結果投資人可能獲取不到比存銀行或購買債券等其它有價證券更高的收益，甚至未能獲取收益，那麼對投資者來說意味著遭受了風險，這種風險稱之為投資收益風險。
（2） 股票投資資本風險。股票投資資本風險是指投資者在股票投資中面臨著投資資本遭受損失的可能性。
風險控制的目標包括確定風險控制的具體對象（基本因素風險、行業風險、企業風險、市場風險等）和風險控制的程度兩層涵義。投資者如何確定自己的目標取決於自己的主觀投資動機，也決定於股票的客觀屬性。在對風險控制的目標作出選擇之後，接下來要做的是確定風險控制的原則。根據人們多年積累的經驗，控制風險可以遵循四大原則，即迴避風險、減少風險、留置風險和共擔（分散）風險。
『捌』 急求英語作文 股票的利弊
A stock market can change your life, and makes a giant gnome. There is, Bill Gates and warren buffett, li, LiuYuanSheng near the YangHuiYan, ma, shi yuzhu has, liu fang, because they are from, and increase market share envied virtues.
Second, the stock market is like a big stage drama, daily astounding tragicomedy. Actors don't need more makeup, acting, can fry are the star. Despite the tragedy figures than comedy character, but tragedy than play well.
Third, fry is a noble profession. Contemporary folk yue: first-class professional fry stock, secondary vocational and professional advertising street name. Third-class Don't make the vendors, medicine.hurry fry two play.
Four, the stock market is the spiralling, can make a person to get rich quick. Shake it and courage and strength; luck, Don't shake, money of leaves will fall in your head.
Five, the stock market full of philosophy, the static and dynamic can tell you, pleasure and pain, rich and poor, and the philosophy of life and death. Choose to think, fry with the philosopher.
Six, the market can temper one's will, make the person is strong, even to cut meat will utter on Saturday, as the war with the enemy tortured and never renegade underground workers.
Seven, fry is full of excitement, can smoke in the war and peace through baptism, "television, sound", "was", good KuHao cool!
Eight, buy stocks is bought in the future, who does not wish a better tomorrow? Youth without regrets, the future, I take money betting priceless tomorrow, value!
Nine, fry, the game is wise to have high culture, review and profound theory. Don't believe the fund manager at least, why are eligible to dr ma, natural materials shall bear my Fried.
Ten, the stock market full of imagination. Don't think of things, not dare to think, dare do make money, have imagination can make paper money.
11 and market can widen again obtain employment channels, alleviate employment pressure.
Twelve, fry equates to patriotism. The government from stock financing billions every year. Millions of people have donated money for helping soes into the Treasury, stamp ty.
13 and stock elixir, especially the lonely, indifference, selfish and alzheimer's disease. Want to say goodbye to cancer, please.
14, fry can prevent crime, especially the gambling. Fry stock, PaiJiu kumite mahjong tyre was not interested.
15 and fry QianTiaoWanTiao reason, but ultimately only one: right! Fry
Don't fry 35 reason
A stock is a big dye VAT, and if you don't care who put in hand, you will lose. If want to wash, also won't wash clean. Want to JieShenZiHao, please don't fry.
Second, the stock market risk, it is not only will your riches sinister, lane is bad also forfeits his hide.
Third, market with "black" words are too much. The black box and shady, black, black, black... Howl, if you don't, please don't fry colluding.
Four, the stock market is sometimes tell. False performance, false report, reorganization, are false, Big, big and silly, greed, big, Fry, except as stir-fry air, jiaogechan enpty hands. Stir-fry high price is very beautiful, and performance of listed companies, and total salary 1300 yuan only two cents, you get to repay, you believe or not.
Five, the stock market is not fair. As you see firsthand material retail, hear a information, not even see the first-class service, market even didn't have to sit bench. Fry is asking for SINS.
Six, investors identity meanness. Nine people, people who? Calculate only nine etc. "DengWaiPin" outside, millions of people are not even a association, like into hangxiao that fraud, collective action, the court is not accepted.
Seven, the stock market is the department, you put money machine, others without proving am can carry away, and not dozen receipt. Sing a song is so: please take me to your home, stock, please leave your money. Will money or stocks, please choose!
Eight, fry with gambling, and most easily knoe corruption. Banker like "cheat" perspective, wear contact lens, visible, a large number of small organ, you still dare to fry?
Nine, fry is broken families. A man should not wife, family shares by more and more weak, fry stock is the radiant party.
Ten, exchange, good and evil people mixed up, old crowded, people often not to many places, the easiest to cut the purse.
11 and fry as "religious", GuPingGu superstition, superstition of subjects, such as magic, the man went into a believer.
Twelve, fry, if not, is the lowest level of career. As a modern ShunKouLiu can find work, only the stocks, the unit after class, the stock market had mixed.
13 and fry can make people, all the investors for the old stock depth, no less money hold-op smitten, but didn't earn less wrinkles.
14 and fry diseases, especially hypertension can stroke hysteria, etc. Now, in the public eloquent speaker, but is no longer sell leather is the plaster investors.
15, can be addictive, fry the intense dependence, 1 don't fry, moment seems like three years. Suggest the government offered by compulsory quit shares, to save slip investors.
中文翻譯：
一、股市能改變人生，使侏儒變成巨人。遠的有巴菲特、比爾·蓋茨、李嘉誠、劉元生，近的有楊惠研、馬雲、史玉柱、劉芳、李予成，他們都因股票市值劇增而受人羨慕景仰。
二、股市像一個大舞台，每日上演著轟轟烈烈的悲喜劇。演員不用化妝，更毋需演技，能炒就是明星。盡管悲劇人物多於喜劇角色，但悲劇總比沒有劇好。
三、炒股是一種高尚的職業。當代民謠曰：一流職業炒股票，二流職業做廣告，三流職業滿街叫。不想做叫賣的攤販，請來炒兩把玩玩。
四、股市是棵搖錢樹，能使人快速致富。搖動它，全憑力氣勇氣加運氣；不搖，鈔票般的樹葉不會掉在你頭上。
五、股市充滿了哲學，能告訴你靜與動、苦與樂、窮與富、生與死的哲理。選股要作思考狀，炒股者跟哲學家沒兩樣。
六、股市能磨煉人的意志，使人堅強，即使割肉斷臂也不會吭上一聲，如同戰爭年代面對敵人嚴刑拷打也永不變節的地下工作者。
七、炒股充滿了刺激，能在和平年代經受戰火與硝煙的洗禮，時而「亮劍」，時而吹響「集結號」，好酷好爽呀！
八、買股票就是買未來，誰不願明天更美好？青春無悔，未來無價，我拿金錢賭明天，值！
九、炒股是智者的游戲，要有很高的文化修養，股評理論高深莫測。不信，為何基金經理起碼要博士碩士才有資格擔當，天生我材必炒股。
十、股市充滿了想像力。不敢想的事敢想，不敢做的事敢做，有錢能使鬼推磨，有想像能使紙變錢。
十一、股市能拓寬再就業渠道，減輕社會就業壓力。
十二、炒股等同於愛國。政府每年能從股市融資數千億。上億股民都為國企脫困捐了款，為國庫交足了印花稅。
十三、股市能治百病，特別是孤獨、冷漠、自私和老年痴呆症。想告別病魔，請來炒股。
十四、炒股能預防犯罪，特別是賭博犯罪。炒過股票的人，對打麻將推牌九都不感興趣。
十五、炒股的理由千條萬條，但歸根結底只有一條：就是炒股有理！
不炒股的十五條理由
一、股市是個大染缸，誰要是不小心把手放進去，就會失去本色。即使想金盆洗手，也洗不幹凈。要想潔身自好，請不要炒股。
二、股市有風險，其險惡在於不僅要你錢財，弄不好還會賠上小命。
三、股市同「黑」字有太多的淵源。黑箱、黑幕、黑馬、黑庄、黑熊……近墨者黑，倘若你不想同流合污，請不要炒股。
四、股市有時是個假大空的場所。假業績、假年報、假重組，都是假；大話、大傻、大貪，都是大；炒股如同炒空氣，除了交割單，兩手空空。股價炒得很高，業績很漂亮，有上市公司老總年薪1300萬元，而只分你兩毛錢，得不到業績回報，信不信由你。
五、股市太不公平。身為散戶你看不到一手資料，聽不到一線信息，得不到一流服務，甚至看大盤連冷板凳都沒得坐。炒股等於自找罪受。
六、股民身份低賤。人分九等，股民算老幾？只能算九等之外的「等外品」，上億股民連個協會都沒有，受了像杭蕭鋼構那樣的欺詐，集體訴訟，法院都不受理。
七、股市是部提款機，你把錢放進去，別人無須驗明正身就能提走，且不打收條。有首歌是這樣唱的：請把我的股帶回你的家，請把你的鈔票留下。要鈔票還是要股，請選擇吧！
八、炒股跟賭博沒什麼兩樣，且最容易滋生腐敗。莊家如同「老千」，戴著隱形透視鏡，看得見底牌，掌握著開大開小的機關，你還敢炒嗎？
九、炒股是家庭破裂的導火索。男人要股不要妻，家庭觀念被越炒越淡，而股票就是那勾魂攝魄的第三者。
十、交易廳人滿為患，魚龍混雜，老人常告誡，不要到人多的地方去，最容易被人掏了錢包。
十一、炒股如同「信教」，迷信股評家，迷信概念，對題材走火如魔，把人變為信徒。
十二、炒股算不上職業，如果算的話，也是最低級的職業。有一時髦順口溜為證：工作沒法找，只把股票炒，單位下了課，股市混著過。
十三、炒股能使人衰老，股民無時無刻不為股票深度套牢魂牽夢縈，錢沒少賠，皺紋卻沒少賺。
十四、炒股能生百病，特別是高血壓中風歇斯底里症等。如今能在大庭廣眾口若懸河的，不再是演說家，除了賣狗皮膏葯的便是股民。
十五、炒股能使人上癮，產生強烈的依賴性，一日不炒，如隔三秋。建議政府開辦強制戒股所，以挽救失足股民。
『玖』 股市有風險，入市需謹慎 英文專業翻譯
investment has certain risks, be wised with your decision.
there is the risk of stock market, investment should be cautious.
『拾』 股市有風險,投資要謹慎的英文翻譯
The stock market is risky investments to be cautious