股票價格走勢擬合

A. 怎樣計算一隻股票的擬合值和殘值

相對價值法又稱乘數估值法，指的是現在在證券市場上經常使用到的市盈率法、市凈率法、市銷率法等比較簡單通用的比較方法。它是利用類似企業的市場價來確定目標企業價值的一種評估方法。這種方法是假設存在一個支配企業市場價值的主要變數，而市場價值與該變數的比值對各企業而言是類似的、可比較的。由此可以在市場上選擇一個或幾個跟目標企業類似的企業，在分析比較的基礎上，修正、調整目標企業的市場價值，最後確定被評估企業的市場價值。實踐中被用作計算企業相對價值模型的有市盈率、市凈率、收入乘數等比率模型，最常用的相對價值法包括市盈率法和市凈率法兩種。
市價/凈收益比率模型（市盈率法）
市盈率=每股市價/每股凈利
運用市盈率估價的模型如下：
目標企業每股價值=可比企業平均市盈率*目標企業的每股收益
市價/凈資產比率模型（市凈率法）
市凈率=市價/凈資產
這種方法假設股權價值是凈資產的函數，類似企業有相同的市凈率，凈資產越大則股權價值越大。因此，股權價值是凈資產的一定倍數，目標企業的價值可以用每股凈資產乘以平均市凈率計算。
股權價值=可比企業平均市凈率*目標企業凈資產

B. 股票直線擬合是什麼意思

就是針對某段行情，找到一條直線，使得這段行情在該線附近振盪。
如果嚴格說的話，假設一段行情從t0開始，到T結束，時間單位是dt，我們把股票行情記為f(t), t是時間。而直線就可以表示為line = a t, a是斜率，t是時間。
目的就是找到一個最好的a來擬合f(t):
即 min {SUM_t0^T (f(t)-at)^2}

C. eviews中運用某個股票的價格擬合ARIMA模型，如何處理其中的缺失值

eviews擬合ARIMA模型問題均可＋名中我QQ來給以解決。

D. 如何計算股票的理論價值（真實價值）

根據行業不同,其價值與財務的一些指標也是不一樣的,比如鋼鐵股,它的價值應該是每股贏利*10,但要是航空,或酒類,很明顯這個價值是太低了,所以,這也是需要一種經驗的，你在股市呆時間長了，畢竟會知道每一個版塊的價值應該是多少,不過如果你非要想好好學學的,那就學學上市公司財務報表分析吧,不過這對一般的股民比較難，它比如要具備會計的知識,金融的知識和貨幣銀行學的知識,所以你根據自己的能力來選擇是憑經驗還是憑理論吧,金融投資本來就是個專業的工作，其實散民在沒有什麼相關知識而匆忙入市,這也是中國股市有那麼多"捐軀者"的原因,我是學金融專業的,而且也在股市裡做了幾年,深知還是從理論開始學比較好的,有問題可以聯系我，

E. 實際波動率的概念

要明確實際波動率，首先要從波動率的概念入手。波動率（Volatility）：是指關於資產未來價格不確定性的度量。它通常用資產回報率的標准差來衡量。也可以指某一證券的一年最高價減去最低價的值再除以最低價所得到的比率。業內將波動率定義為價格比率自然對數的標准差。波動率的種類有：實際波動率，隱含波動率，歷史波動率等等，實際波動率便是波動率的一種。

F. 如何用Arma模型做股票估計

時間序列分析是經濟領域應用研究最廣泛的工具之一,它用恰當的模型描述歷史數據隨時間變化的規律,並分析預測變數值。ARMA模型是一種最常見的重要時間序列模型,被廣泛應用到經濟領域預測中。給出ARMA模型的模式和實現方法,然後結合具體股票數據揭示股票變換的規律性,並運用ARMA模型對股票價格進行預測。
選取長江證券股票具體數據進行實證分析
1.數據選取。
由於時間序列模型往往需要大樣本,所以這里我選取長江證券從09/03/20到09/06/19日開盤價,前後約三個月,共計60個樣本,基本滿足ARMA建模要求。
數據來源:大智慧股票分析軟體導出的數據(股價趨勢圖如下)
從上圖可看出有一定的趨勢走向,應為非平穩過程,對其取對數lnS,再觀察其平穩性。
2.數據平穩性分析。
先用EVIEWS生成新序列lnS並用ADF檢驗其平穩性。
(1)ADF平穩性檢驗,首先直接對數據平穩檢驗,沒通過檢驗,即不平穩。
可以看出lnS沒有通過檢驗,也是一個非平穩過程,那麼我們想到要對其進行差分。
(2)一階差分後平穩性檢驗,ADF檢驗結果如下,通過1%的顯著檢驗,即數據一階差分後平穩。
可以看出差分後,明顯看出ADF Test Statistic 為-5.978381絕對值是大於1%的顯著水平下的臨界值的,所以可以通過平穩性檢驗。
3.確定適用模型,並定階。可以先生成原始數據的一階差分數據dls,並觀測其相關系數AC和偏自相關系數PAC,以確定其是為AR,MA或者是ARMA模型。
(1)先觀測一階差分數據dls的AC和PAC圖。經檢驗可以看出AC和PAC皆沒有明顯的截尾性,嘗試用ARMA模型,具體的滯後項p,q值還需用AIC和SC具體確定。
(2)嘗試不同模型,根據AIC和SC最小化的原理確定模型ARMA(p,q)。經多輪比較不同ARMA(p,q)模型,可以得出相對應AIC 和 SC的值。
經過多次比較最終發現ARMA(1,1)過程的AIC和SC都是最小的。最終選取ARIMA(1,1,1)模型作為預測模型。並得出此模型的具體表達式為:
DLS t = 0.9968020031 DLS (t-1)- 1.164830718 U (t-1) + U t
4.ARMA模型的檢驗。選取ARIMA(1,1,1)模型,定階和做參數估計後,還應對其殘差序列進行檢驗,對其殘差的AC和Q統計檢驗發現其殘差自相關基本在0附近,且Q值基本通過檢驗,殘差不明顯存在相關,即可認為殘差中沒有包含太多信息,模型擬合基本符合。
5.股價預測。利用以上得出的模型,然後對長江證券6月22日、23日、24日股價預測得出預測值並與實際值比較如下。
有一定的誤差,但相比前期的漲跌趨勢基本吻合,這里出現第一個誤差超出預想的是因為6月22日正好是禮拜一,波動較大,這里正驗證了有研究文章用GARCH方法得出的禮拜一波動大的結果。除了禮拜一的誤差大點,其他日期的誤差皆在接受范圍內。
綜上所述,ARMA模型較好的解決了非平穩時間序列的建模問題,可以在時間序列的預測方面有很好的表現。藉助EViews軟體,可以很方便地將ARMA模型應用於金融等時間序列問題的研究和預測方面,為決策者提供決策指導和幫助。當然,由於金融時間序列的復雜性,很好的模擬還需要更進一步的研究和探討。在後期,將繼續在這方面做出自己的摸索。

G. 常用的趨勢指標有哪些

股票技術指標是相對於基本分析而言的，著重於對一般經濟情況以及各個公司的經營管理狀況、行業動態等因素進行分析，衡量股價高低的指標。而技術分析則是透過圖表或技術指標的記錄，研究市場行為反應，以推測價格的變動趨勢。其依據的技術指標的主要內容是由股價、成交量或漲跌指數等數據計算而來。指標類別有：隨機指標KDJ、ASI指標、布林指標BOLL、BRAR指標、KDJ判斷原則等。

溫馨提示：
1、以上解釋僅供參考，不作任何建議。
2、入市有風險，投資需謹慎。
應答時間：2021-03-23，最新業務變化請以平安銀行官網公布為准。
[平安銀行我知道]想要知道更多？快來看「平安銀行我知道」吧~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

H. 急急急！！！利率變動對股市影響的數學公式（數學模型也可以）

沒有公式，你看下面的信息自己做一個正反比例的模型，然後倒入這幾年的經濟數據擬合吧！！
（參考資料，英文中文都有）

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
一般理論上來說,利率下降時,股票的價格就上漲；利率上升時,股票的價格就會下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市場的關系,也成為股票投資者據以買進和賣出股票的重要依據。

利率對於股票的影響可以分成三種途徑:

一是利率變動造成的資產組合替代效應,利率變動通過影響存款收益率,投資者就會對股票和儲蓄以及債券之間做出選擇,實現資本的保值增值。

通過資產重新組合進而影響資金流向和流量,最終必然會影響到股票市場的資金供求和股票價格。利率上升,一部分資金可能從股市轉而投向銀行儲蓄和債券,從而會減少市場上的資金供應量,減少股票需求,股票價格下降；反之,利率下降,股票市場資金供應增加,股票價格將上升。

二是利率對上市公司經營的影響,進而影響公司未來的估值水平。

貸款利率提高會加重企業利息負擔,從而減少企業的盈利,進而減少企業的股票分紅派息,受利率的提高和股票分紅派息降低的雙重影響,股票價格必然會下降。相反,貸款利率下調將減輕企業利息負擔,降低企業生產經營成本,提高企業盈利能力,使企業可以增加股票的分紅派息。受利率的降低和股票分紅派息增加的雙重影響,股票價格將大幅上升。

三是利率變動對股票內在價值的影響。

股票資產的內在價值是由資產在未來時期中所接受的現金流決定的,股票的內在價值與一定風險下的貼現率呈反比關系,如果將銀行間拆借、銀行間債券與證券交易所的債券回購利率作為參考的貼現率,則貼現率的上揚必然導致股票內在價值的降低,從而也會使股票價格相應下降。股指的變化與市場的貼現率呈現反向變化,貼現率上升,股票的內在價值下降,股指將下降；反之,貼現率下降,股價指數上升。

以上的傳導途徑應該是較長的一個時期才能體現出來的,利率調整與股價變動之間通常有一個時滯效應,因為利率下調首先引起儲蓄分流,增加股市的資金供給,更多的資金追逐同樣多的股票,才能引起股價上漲,利率下調到股價上漲之間有一個過程。如我國央行自1996年5月以來的八次下調存款利率,到2002年1年期定期儲蓄存款的實際收益率只有1.58%。在股票價格在較長時間內持續上漲的情況下,股票投資的收益率遠遠高於存款的報酬率,一部分儲蓄存款轉化為股票投資,從而加快了儲蓄分流的步伐。從我國居民儲蓄存款增長率來看,1994年居民儲蓄存款增長率45.6%,之後增幅連年下滑,而同一時期股票市場發展迅速,1999年下半年開始儲蓄分流明顯加快,到2000年分流達到頂點,同年我國居民儲蓄存款增長率僅為7.9%。這一年股票市場也牛氣沖天。2001年儲蓄分流則明顯減緩,增長率14.7%,居民儲蓄傾向增強。2001年股市波動性加大,股價持續幾個月的大幅回調,則是2001年儲蓄分流減緩、居民儲蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。

另外,利率對於企業的經營成本影響同樣需要一個生產和銷售的資本運轉過程,短時間內,難以體現出來。因此,利率和股票市場的相關性要從長期來把握。

實際上,就中長期而言,利率升降和股市的漲跌也並不是簡單的負相關關系。就是說,中長期股價指數的走勢不僅僅只受利率走勢的影響,它同時對經濟增長因素、非市場宏觀政策因素的反應也很敏感。如果經濟增長因素、非市場宏觀政策因素的影響大於利率對股市的影響,股價指數的走勢就會與利率的中長期走勢相背離。

典型如美國的利率調整和股市走勢就出現同步上漲的過程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由於經濟處於穩步增長階段,逐步收緊的貨幣政策並未使經濟下滑,公司盈利與股價走勢也保持了良好態勢,加息之後,股票市場反而走高,其根本原因是經濟增長的影響大於加息的影響。

我國從1996年5月進入降息周期的拐點。股指也進入上升周期。利率與股指的走勢發生了5年的負相關關系。但2001年在利率沒有進入升息周期的情況下,股指開始了下跌的趨勢。分析其原因,我國非市場宏觀政策因素的影響大於利率對股市的影響。人們對非流通的國有股將進入市場流通的擔心和恐懼導致了股市投資的風險和收益發生了非對稱的變化。從這個角度來看,由於我國目前非市場宏觀政策因素仍然有比較大的不確定性,所以利率對股市的影響不能夠成為我們研究和預測股市中長期走勢的主要因素。

就短期而言,我國利率的變動對股價的走勢很難判斷存在相關性。利率調整當天和隨後的股價波動並不能說明二者之間有何必然的聯系。從當前股市的狀況分析,很明顯也和利率的走勢不符合理論上的負相關性。股票市場的低迷更多地被歸結為上市公司的質量以及諸多體制性問題和投資者信心問題。因此,在看待我國加息預期對於股票市場的影響時,還要考慮其他諸多因素,而不能簡單從前文所述的理論關系來判斷。利率只是影響股市的因素之一,而不是惟一決定因素。因此,我們不能唯利率升降是從,要具體分析,何況即使利率上升,股市也並不是就完全沒有投資機會。（

Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.

The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)

The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.

Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)

Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both indivials and businesses are affected.

The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Indivials are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).

Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of indivial consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)

Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices.

If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Instrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)

Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.

Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.

Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.

Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.

I. 股票價格的隨機遊走的含義

隨機遊走模型的提出是與證券價格的變動模式緊密聯系在一起的。最早使用統計方法分析收益率的著作是在 1900年由路易·巴舍利耶（Louis Bachelier）發表的，他把用於分析賭博的方法用於股票、債券、期貨和期權。在巴舍利耶的論文中，其具有開拓性的貢獻就在於認識到隨機遊走過程是布 朗運動。1953年，英國統計學家肯德爾在應用時間序列分析研究股票價格波動並試圖得出股票價格波動的模式時，得到了一個令人大感意外的結論：股票價格沒 有任何規律可尋，它就象「一個醉漢走步一樣，幾乎宛若機會之魔每周仍出一個隨機數字，把它加在目前的價格上，以此決定下一周的價格。」即股價遵循的是隨機 遊走規律。
這也跟市場有效原則有關
弱有效證券市場是指證券價格能夠充分反映價格歷史序列中包含的所有信息，如有關證券的價格、交易量等。如果這些歷史信息對證券價格變動都不會產生任何影響，則意味著證券市場達到了弱有效。