‘壹’ 股票投资的风险有哪些方面
你好，股票的风险分为系统风险和非系统风险两大部分，包括：政策风险、宏观经济周期、国际性危机、汇率利率的重大变动、政治及战争等不确定因素、企业的经营风险、财务风险、投资者操作失误的风险、管理风险、流动性风险等等。
股票投资的具体风险
1.利率风险
利率风险是指由于市场利率水平的变动引起股票投资的实际收益率偏离预期收益率的可能性。前面已经说过，股票价格与利率水平成反比。股票价格的升降又是决定资本利得或权失从而决定股m投资收益率的关键因家。与此同时，当利率水平上升时，公司的经营成本增加，盈利减少，股息和红利都要受到影响.从而影响股票的投资收益率。
2.购买力风险
股票投资的名义收益中包含着真实收益和通货膨胀补偿。当发生非预期的通货膨胀时，股票投资的实际收益就会偏离预期收益.即实际购买力会偏离预期购买力，这就是购买力风险。
通货膨胀使企业高估其利润，较多地使用短期负债，借贷成本增加和流动性降低，所有这些都会姗加企业的风险，使得用于发放股利的资金减少，从而影响投资者的收益水平。即使企业的名义利润增加.普通股的名义股利随之上升，但由于股利的增长速度往往赶不上物价的上涨速度，因而实际投资收益下降。优先股的股息是固定的，通货膨胀的上升则意味着其购买力的下降。并且，在通货膨胀时期，资本收益率通常较高，因此，股票的价格将会下跌，导致股票投资的实际收益偏离预期收益。
3.市场风险
市场风险是指由于证券市场行情变动而引起的风险。这种行情变动可通过股票价格指数或股价平均数来分析。因政治经济的宏观因素，股份公司的微观因求.以及技术和人为因素等个别或综合作用于股票市场，致使股票市场的股票价格大幅波动，从而给投资者带来经济损失的风险。
股票市场行情变化会给投资者带来经济利益或扭失.当出现看涨市场时.股一票价格通常会上涨，投资者获利的机会较大，当出现看跌市场时，股票价格通常一会下跌.投资者就可能遭受经济损失。对于投资者来说，只要他持有股票或继续进行股票的交易活动，那么，他就面临股票市场随时可能出现的风险。股票市场最大风险是股市风潮风险。从西方国家的股市来看，股市风潮经常发生，还会发生股市危机。当股市危机发生时，股票价格一落千丈，给投资者造成惨重的经济损失。例如.1987年10月19
H，美冈道·琼斯30种工业股票平均价格指数一天之内暴跌508.32点，跌幅高达22.6%，使投资者很失了5000多亿美元。
4.经营风险
经营风险是指由于公司在经营管理方面的原因而使投资者实际收益偏离预期收益的可能性。
公司经背状况是企业股票行市的晴雨表。当公司经营状况良好时，股价就可能上涨。当公司的经曹状况欠佳，出现盈利下降时，会减少股东的股利收人，该股票的市场价格也会出现下跌的趋势，影响股票投资者的收益。由此可见.公司的经首状况对投资者来说可能带来程度大小不同的风险。普通股的主要风险是经营风险，公司盈利的变化既会影响普通股的股息收人，又会影响股票价格。
任何一个理智的投资者总是试图尽可能地消除他所面临的风险.并取得较一高的收益。为了减少股票投资的风险，必须进行分散投资，即把资产系统地分散投资在风险程度不同的儿种股票上，建立合理的资产组合.这样.各项资产的总收益可以不变，但所承担的总风险要比个别资产风险的合计数要小。
风险揭示：本信息不构成任何投资建议，投资者不应以该等信息取代其独立判断或仅根据该等信息作出决策，不构成任何买卖操作，不保证任何收益。如自行操作，请注意仓位控制和风险控制。
‘贰’ 股市有风险 投资需慎重 用英文怎么译
Danger in stock market,carefulness in investment.
‘叁’ 股票筹资风险的英文摘要
The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.
1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.
2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.
3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.
(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.
3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.
The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release
‘肆’ 英语作文（投资前的风险准备）
Nowadays, more and more people are interested in making investment. Investment is no longer enjoyed only by rich people. However, no matter how big the investment project is, all the investors shall pay special attention to the following aspects and make the preparations accordingly.
First of all, the investors have to decide the form of the investment. There are so many types of investments, such as the stock market, real estate, establishing a company for certain business, and etc. Different types of investments have different risk level, pay back ratio and pay back term. The investors have to choose the right form according to many issues, such as the amount of the investment the investor wants to make, how long the investor is aiming to gain back the investment, how much risk the investor wants to take, and etc.
Second, the investors have to consider the partners for the investment. An investment may be carried out by only investor or by cooptation with other partners. If the investor wants to invite partners, he has to look for the suitable and honest partners.
Third, the investors also need to consider the feasibility of the project in consideration of laws. Especially in international investment, some forms of investments may be allowed under one legal system, but forbidden under another.
Generally, investors shall make the above preparations before the commencement of an investment. However, different types of investments will have different aspects. Some of them involves with environmental protection certificate, while some of them may involve with labor issues... Special attention shall be paid if such investment involves with special sectors.
投资不一样准备也不一样，如果有更详细的投资内容请追问哈~
‘伍’ 描述股票上涨下降 英语作文
给你 中文与英文两个版本 英文有没有翻译错的 对照你自己整理下
影响股票价格的因素
影响股票价格变动的因素很多，但基本上可分为以下三类：市场内部因素，基本面因素，政策因素。
（1）市场内部因素它主要是指市场的供给和需求，即资金面和筹码面的相对比例，如一定阶段的股市扩容节奏将成为该因素重要部分。
（2）基本面因素包括宏观经济因素和公司内部因素，宏观经济因素主要是能影响市场中股票价格的因素，包括经济增长，经济景气循环，利率，财政收支，货币供应量，物价，国际收支等，公司内部因素主要指公司的财务状况。
（3）政策因素是指足以影响股票价格变动的国内外重大活动以及政府的政策，措施，法令等重大事件，政府的社会经济发展计划，经济政策的变化，新颁布法令和管理条例等均会影响到股价的变动
Affect stock price factor Affect stock price changes by many factors, but basically can is divided into the following categories: market internal factors, fundamental factors, policy factors. (1) the market internal factors, it mainly refers to the market supply and demand, namely financing area and the relative proportion chips, such as certain stages of the stock market expansion rhythm will become the factors important parts. (2) fundamental factors include macroeconomic factors and internal factors, macroeconomic factors that can influence the market is mainly in stock prices of factors, including economic growth, economic cycle, rates, budgetary revenues and expenditures, money supply, price, international payments and so on, our company internal factors mainly refers to the financial position of the company. (3) policy factor is enough to affect stock price changes of important domestic and international activities and government policies, measures and laws to major events, the government's social and economic development plan, economic policy changes, the newly issued decrees and regulations etc all can affect stock price changes
影响股票价格重要经济因素
股票价格是指在证券市场上买卖股票的价格。实际上股票只是一种凭证，本身并没有价格，它之所以具有价格，能够在市场上进行买卖，是因为它可以给持有者带来股息收入。股票内在的价值的大小取决于未来预期实现盈利、贴现率和未来反复的年限。企业未来盈利越多，其现值越大，股票价格也越高，而贴现越高，股票内在价值就越低，股票价格也越低。所以，在西方股票市场上，人们都密切注视着企业未来盈利的状况。但事实上，股票价格的确定十分复杂，因为人们对一个企业未来盈利状况的看法并不全相同，有估计得比较悲观，股票在他们眼里的价值就低些，就要卖出；有的认为企业有发展的希望，股票在他们眼里价值就高些，就要买进。当买者多于卖者时，股票的价格就上升；当买者少于卖者时，股票的价格就下跌。所以，股票的市场价格与内在价格更多的时候表现为一致，投资者往往寻找那些内在价值大于市场的股票。
这样以来，就使股票的市场价格处于不断变化之中。它不仅要受各种经济因素的影响而且要受政治局势、政府政策、投资者心理、报刊杂志的消息以及谣言等社会因素的影响。下面着重分析一下影响股票价格的主要经济因素。
Affect stock price important economic factor Stock price "means in the stock market of stock price. Actually the stock is a certificate, does not itself, it is the price has price in the market, can be traded, because it gives the holder bring dividend income. Stock inner value depends on the size of the realization of the expected future earnings, the discount rate and future repeated the fixed number of year. Enterprise future earnings, the more its present value, the greater the stock price is higher also, and discount, the higher the stock intrinsic value will be lower, and stock prices also lower. So, in the west, people in the stock market is closely watched enterprise future earnings situation. But in fact, the determination of stock price is quite complex, because people to an enterprise future profitability opinion is not all the same, has an estimated more pessimistic, shares in their eyes the value of some lower, will sell, Some think the enterprise have the hope for the development of stock in their eyes, value as some taller, will buy. When buyers than sellers, stock prices went up, When buyers less than sellers, stock prices will fall. So, the price of stock market and inner price more of the time performance is consistent, investors tend to seek those intrinsic value than market shares. Since such, you will make the price of stock market is constantly changing. It should not only affected by various factors that influence the economic and political situation, by government policy, investor psychological, magazine, newspaper, news and rumors of social factors influence. Below are emphatically analyzed the influence of stock prices main economic factors.
一、股息
投资者之所以购买股票，是因为它能带来不低于存款利息的股息。股份公司发行股票的数量，不是取决于它的实际资本拥有量，而是取决于股息的派发量。股息越高，购者越踊跃，股票的价格也越高。但是，股息的增加又取决于企业收益的增长。如果企业发行股票的数量增加了，而增资后的利润却为同步增长，股息将无法维持原有水平，必然要减少，股票价格也会随之下降。欧美国家的一些企业，为了不断发展业务，使企业收益日益增长，把公司的净利润大部分或全部留下，以扩大资本积累，用于生产和经营，只发放少量股息或不发放股息，并且，国家在税收制度上也积极整套这样伏。由于企业的股票以即使不发或少发股息，这种股票对投资者也仍有很大的吸引力。
A, dividends Investors had to buy shares, because it can bring not less than deposit interest of dividends. The number of shares of the company shares, not depend on its actual capital ownership, but on the dividend amount distributed. The higher the dividend, buy more enthusiastically, the price of a stock is higher also. But, dividend increase depends on enterprise earnings growth. If the number of shares issued by companies increased, and add endowment hind profits but for increased dividends will not be maintained original level, it's necessary to rece, stock price also is met subsequently decline. Some of the enterprise, European and American countries for continuous development business, make the business income increasing, the company's net income all or most left, in order to enlarge capital accumulation, for the proction and operation, only a few dividends or not issue stated dividend, and national taxation system also actively package of such volts. Because enterprise stock to even not hair or less dividend, stock to send the investor is still very attractive.
二、金融资本和税收
股份公司常常向银行借款，随着借款额的增多，银行对企业的控制也就逐渐加强并取得了相当的发言权。在企业收益减少的情况下，虽然他们希望能够稳定股息，但银行为了自身的安全，会支持企业少发或停发股息，因而影响了股票的价格。税收对投资者影响也很大，投资者购买股票是为了增加收益，如果国家对某些营利事业在税收给以优惠，那么就能使这些企业的税后利润相对增加，使它们的股票升值。
Second, financial capital and revenue Joint-stock company often borrow from Banks, with the loan sum increase, bank of enterprise control also graally strengthened and made it quite claims. In the business income decrease case, although they hope to stabilize dividend, but bank for his own safety, will support enterprises or hair hair less dividend, thus affecting the stock prices. Tax on investors are significantly affected, investors buy stocks for increases the income, if the country for some profit-seeking enterprise in tax give preferential, then can make the enterprise's after-tax profits relative increase, make their stock appreciation.
三、经济周期
在经济繁荣时期，企业盈利多，股息高，股票则猛涨；在经济危机时期，企业生产萎缩，股息下降，股价则猛跌；在经济萧条时期，股价渐有转机；在进入复苏时期后，股价又开始上涨。所以，资本主义股票价格的变动，一般是与资本主义经济周期相适应的。
Third, economic cycle In the economic boom, corporate profits, dividends, stock is soaring high, In the economic crisis periods, enterprise proction decline, stock dividend atrophy, is tumbled, In the economic depression, share price graally a swift, Before entering the recovery period, prices began to rise. So, capitalism stock price movements are generally capitalism and adapt to the economic cycle.
四、通货膨胀
社会货币供应量的增减是影响股票价格的原因之一。通常，货币供应量增加，社会一部分闲置资金就会投向证券交易，从而抬高股价；相反，货币供应量减少，社会购买力降低，股价也必然下跌。由货币供应量不断增大而导致的通货膨胀，在一定限度内对生产有刺激作用，因为它能促进企业销售收入和股票投资名义收益的增加，所以在银行利率不随物价同比例上升的条件下，人们为了保值，将不再热心于存款，而转向投资股票，使股票价格再提高。但是，如果通货膨胀上升过猛，甚至了超过两位数，那么将造成人们实际收入下降和市场需求不足，加剧生产过剩，导致经济危机，使股票价格下跌。
Four, inflation Social money supply and decrease of stock price is to influence factor. Normally, the money supply increase, and the society of idle fund will to securities trading and thus increase share, Instead, money supply decrease, social purchasing power is reced, stocks also inevitable decline. By increasing the money supply to inflation, within limits to proce a stimulating effect, because it can promote the enterprise sales revenue and stock investment income increase, so the name in bank interest rates are with the price with ratio rose, under the condition of people to value, will no longer eager to deposit, and turned to invest in stocks and shares to raise price again. But, if inflation rising vastly, even more than two digits, so will cause people to real income decrease and market demand, aggravate overproction, cause economic crisis, make share prices.
五、贴现率与利率
贴现是银行放款的一种形式，贴现率与存款利率有密切的联系。存款率越高，贴现率也越高。由于股票的价格与企业未来预期盈利成正比，与贴现率（利息率）成反比，所以贴现率（或利息率）的提高，会导致股票价格的下降。但西方国家往往在银行利率上升时，股票市场依然活跌，原因是投资者常常在两者之间选择：银行存款风险小，利率高，收入稳定，但不灵活，资金被固定在一段时间内不能挪作他用，并且通俗读物以抵销通货膨胀造成的损失。而股票可以买卖，较为灵活，风险虽大，但碰上好运，可获大利。所以，在银行利率提高的情况下，仍然有一些具有冒险精神的投资者热心于股票交易。
Five, the discount rate and interest rate Discount is a form of bank lending, the discount rate and deposit rates are closely linked. Deposit rate is high, the discount rate is higher also. Because the price of the stock and the enterprise the expected future earnings is proportional to the discount rate (interest) is inversely proportional to the discount rate (or interest rates, so the promotion of, will lead to stock price falls. But in western countries have often bank interest rate rises, the stock market is still alive, reason is that investors often dropped in between choice: bank deposit small risk, higher interest rates, the income is stable, but not agile, the fund was fixed in a period of time inside cannot be used for other purposes, and popular literature to offset the loss caused by inflation. Stock can be bought, more flexible, though large, but the risk can be awarded with good luck, Italy. So, in the case of higher bank interest rate, there are still some adventurous investors keen on stock trading.
六、科技发明
在产业结构调整和转移时期，新产品的开发显得越来越重要，股价也会受到它们的强烈冲击。
新产品从开发完成至股价下跌这段时间，可分成三个阶段：
1、当消息传出以后，成了热门话题，此时股价自然会上扬，尤其一旦有人用投机手段，则更容易暴涨。
2、已经成为人们争相投资的对象，而这种新发明要普及化，需要很长时间，届时还销不出去的话，股价便会下跌。
3、假如新发明能够提高公司的业绩和利润率，股价会上涨，若没有预期效果，则跌幅很大。
因此，股票交易者必然充分注意这种规律，牢牢掌握股价的主动权。
Six, technological invention In the adjustment of instrial structure and the transfer of The Times, new proct development is becoming more and more important, share price is also under their strong impact. New procts from development completed to share fall this period of time, can be divided into three stages: 1 and when the news spread later, became a hot topic, when share prices will naturally rise, especially when someone with speculative method, then more easily boom. 2, has become people rushed to the object, but this kind of investment to popularize new invention, takes a long time, when we pin not go out, share price will decrease. 3, if new invention can improve the company's sales and profitability, price will rise, if do not have expected effect, then drop greatly. Therefore, stock traders must full attention to such laws, grip shares of the initiative.
‘陆’ 急求！一篇关于股票价值投资或投资风险方面的外文文献翻译！要中英文对照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字符
我国民营企业融资难原因是多层次多方面的。具体而言，主要有以下几个方面：
2.1 企业自身原因
2.1.1 民营企业缺乏信誉
在一个竞争激烈的市场经济环境下，企业信誉是非常重要的。然而从国外到国内，从“安然”到“蓝田”，国际国内大型企业及企业集团都面临危机，更何况普通的民营企业。谈到给中国企业诚信打分的问题的话，着名的经济学家张维迎认为，是不及格的5分以下，连6分都达不到。民营企业的分数更低，其深层次的原因有以下几个方面：
1、 从民企自身来看，管理水平不高，账目不清，一个公司内部有好几本帐，内部法人治理机构不健全，生产效率不高。这是导致中小企业信誉缺乏的基本原因。
2、 政府政策不稳定，即政府的短期行为导致企业尤其是民营企业缺乏建立企业信誉的积极性。政府政策的变化太多，朝令夕改，导致民营企业有种草的积极性，而没有种树的积极性，而企业信誉是一棵树，十年树木，民营企业缺乏积极性这也是导致民企信誉缺乏的重要原因。
3、 民营企业没有明确的产权。产权是信誉的载体，我们企业讲信誉，它的价值就增加，但是这个企业不是我的，增加了也没有用，古人云：无恒产者无恒心，现在是无恒产这无信任。如果破坏了产权也就破坏了企业的信誉基础。
4、 政府的监管越多，企业就越不讲信誉，企业越不讲信誉，政府的监管就越多，最终形成一个恶性循环。监管与信誉是有关系的，政府监管越多，意味着政府的权利就越大，政府的自由度就越大，未来就越不稳定，未来越不稳定，企业就越不考虑未来，从而自然而然形成了不讲信誉的态度。如在我国大量的中小煤矿，许多都不考虑大量投资安全设备，因为他投资安全设备需要几百万甚至几千万，但不知那一天随着政府规定变化而可能被叫停。这就是政府的权利过大的导致的不考虑未来而缺乏信誉。
5、 腐败，政府管得太多，从而导致腐败，使企业不在乎市场和消费者而在乎政府，于是中小企业缺乏建立信誉的基础。
2.1.2 民营企业受环境影响大
民营企业易受经营环境的影响，变数大，风险大，无法准确预测，难以吸收投资者注意，并且民企的生命周期短使得投资者投资的风险过大而不愿意投资。同时，民企的资产相对的较少，负债能力有限，不能吸引太多的投资。
2.1.3 民营企业基础薄弱
民营企业管理基础薄弱，产权高度集中，导致内部决策缺乏灵活，机制僵化。董事会构成不合理直接影响到重大问题的决策，独立董事形同虚设，监事会的地位不高，难以发挥监督作用。缺乏合理的法人内部治理机构，管理经验缺乏，管理水平不高，财会制度落后，信息不透明，缺乏审计部门确认的财务报表和良好的经营业绩，增加了银行对民企财务信息审查难度。同时家族管理模式很大程度上制约了民营企业的二次创业。
综上所述，由于民营企业管理水平不高、缺乏信誉，加之风险变数大，使得其资信等级底，加之内部供应水平不足，这是其融资难的根本原因。
2.2 社会金融环境方面
1、银行贷款管理体制的制约。目前，企业获取资金的主渠道依旧是银行。现行的金融体系中，国有商业银行贷款给国有大中型企业似乎天经地义，而面对广大民企的贷款请求，往往不予支持，基层的银行贷款权限受到严格的限制，同时贷款审批程序烦琐。一些县级商业银行变成了纯储蓄机构，只能吸收储蓄，做一些基层的调查工作，没有贷款权。地市级只有流动资金贷款权限，中国大多数民企在基层，需要一层层上报到总行，审批程序烦琐，而且，商业银行激励与约束机制不对称，内部的存款利率不合理，导致银行“伪市场化”，制约了基层银行贷款的积极性和主动性。同时，国家严格限制中小金融机构和民间金融活动，使民企借贷无门。
2、银行经营上的“惜贷”。银行在为大企业和中小企业经办贷款业务的时候，所花费的时间和人力相差无几。但产生的效益明显不同，民企贷款绝大部分是流动资金贷款，贷款要得急，频率高，户均数量少。贷款风险大且管理成本高。因此，银行宁愿做“批发”业务而不愿做“零售”业务。对大企业是“争贷”而对民营企业是“惜贷”。同时，银行贷款资金向个人贷款和建设项目集中对企业尤其是民企贷款大幅度减少。如“2001年金融机构新增贷款12900亿元，其中用于个人贷款2755亿元，占17.7%”。这意味着所有金融机构所吸收的存款越来越少用于贷款的同时，对企业尤其是民企的贷款比重减少的幅度更大。根据有关资料的显示，辽宁省大连市的民营企业90%在银行的没有借款，上海复星高科技集团有限公司从创业直至公司年利润近千万，始终未能得到银行一分钱的贷款和支持，1996年在中关村的上千家科技型企业中，能得到银行贷款的仅仅只是200家左右。
3、金融中介机构缺乏。我国融资市场目前是过剩与缺乏并存：一方面金融机构和投资公司还有大量资金没有投入；另一方面，民营企业却告贷无门。许多民营企业由于没有足够的自有资本进行抵押贷款，只能依赖担保性贷款，但是，专门为民营企业提供的担保服务的担保机构不多，即使有的地区建立了这种机构，也因担保资金来源不足，担保基金不能规避自身风险等方面的问题而难以有效运作。同时，担保机构都非常明显有参考政府的行为，在操作上，不是根据市场的实际和民营企业的现状作为担保的标准，商业行为不充分，资金投向不够明确，从而导致扶持中小企业的成功率不高。并没有从根本上解决民营企业的融资问题。
4、我国证券市场融资门槛过高。我国证券市场的建立和运作，同时也被赋予了着重为国有企业服务的特定功能。特别是在目前大多数国企处于困境的情况下，我国股票市场以促进国企改革为宗旨，重点扶持国有企业上市融资，政策严重向国有企业倾斜，在实行“额度管理”的股票发行机制下，民营企业要从相当紧张的发行额度中分得一杯羹，实在是难于上青天。直至目前为止，发行A股股票在深沪两方证券交易所上市的企业没有超过千家，但是民营企业寥寥无几，且大多不是通过正常途径直接上市，而是以高昂的代价购买一家已上市公司的部分或全部股权而直接上市的。至于民营企业进入债券市场，管理层也基本上持排斥态度。目前，我国公司债券发行实行的是规模管理，债券发行的年度规模管理、债券发行的年度规模及各项指标均由国务院统一确定且发行时优先考虑农业能源交通及城市公共措施项目。同时，要求发行债券的企业、股份有限公司净资产不低于三千万，有限责任公司净资产不低于六千万；累计债券总额不超过公司净资产40%，最近三年平均可分配利润足以支付公司一年的债券利息，债券发行公司必须有实力雄厚，信誉好的单位做担保等，这一系列条件，限制了民营企业进入债券市场并通过债券方式融资。
总之，民营企业的保证缺乏、辅导薄弱以及一贯以来的银行在体制上的歧视是其融资难的重要原因。
2.3 政府原因
政府的法律、法规、政策对中小企业的融资缺乏法力，各种政策法规没有得到有效的执行。
1、不具备公平竞争的市场环境。扶持、鼓励个体私营经济发展的政策措施不到位，许多政策法规没落到实处，或者在落实上打了折扣。与国有集体和外商投资企业相比，个体私营经济在许多方面还处于不利地位，缺乏公平竞争的市场环境，如市场准入方面，许多行业和部门仍然不允许个体私营经济进入，拥有进出口经营权的私营企业是凤毛麟角，也不能设分支机构等。
2、政府管理不规范，宏观调控乏力，许多有利于民企融资的政策未得到有效执行。政府对个体私营经济的管理，涉及到工商、税务、物价、城建、环保、卫生、计量、质量监督等多个部门，在对个体私营经济管理中，往往出现相互交叉，缺乏协调的现象，增加了个体私营企业的负担，又使他们无所适从。在对经济机构协调方面，由于政府调控不力，致使私营经济重复生产，处于粗放经营状态。在监督方面，有的政府部门未能很好的履行监督职能，致使个体私营企业本身行动不规范。
3、“三乱”现象仍然较严重，社会保障体制不完善，不利于民企的内部积累。将个体私营企业的入社会保障范围的力度不够。目前，私营企业中从业人员的工资待遇、劳保福利得不到保障的现象带有一定普遍性，导致个体私营企业在引进人才，留住人才方面有很大的困难。企业因人才流动过大而影响其稳定持续发展。此外，个体私营企业从业人员在申报户籍管理、档案存放、计算工龄、评职定级、子女入学等方面尚存在许多障碍。
由此，我们可以看到，政府在对待国有企业和民营企业体制上的不平等造成了在竞争上的不平等，造成了民企在融资上的劣势。
‘柒’ 投资股票有哪些风险
股票投资风险是指股票投资中不能获得投资收益、投资本钱遭受损失的可能性。股票投资风险包括两部分内容：
（1） 股票投资收益风险。投资的目的是使资本增值，取得投资收益。如果投资结果投资人可能获取不到比存银行或购买债券等其它有价证券更高的收益，甚至未能获取收益，那么对投资者来说意味着遭受了风险，这种风险称之为投资收益风险。
（2） 股票投资资本风险。股票投资资本风险是指投资者在股票投资中面临着投资资本遭受损失的可能性。
风险控制的目标包括确定风险控制的具体对象（基本因素风险、行业风险、企业风险、市场风险等）和风险控制的程度两层涵义。投资者如何确定自己的目标取决于自己的主观投资动机，也决定于股票的客观属性。在对风险控制的目标作出选择之后，接下来要做的是确定风险控制的原则。根据人们多年积累的经验，控制风险可以遵循四大原则，即回避风险、减少风险、留置风险和共担（分散）风险。
‘捌’ 急求英语作文 股票的利弊
A stock market can change your life, and makes a giant gnome. There is, Bill Gates and warren buffett, li, LiuYuanSheng near the YangHuiYan, ma, shi yuzhu has, liu fang, because they are from, and increase market share envied virtues.
Second, the stock market is like a big stage drama, daily astounding tragicomedy. Actors don't need more makeup, acting, can fry are the star. Despite the tragedy figures than comedy character, but tragedy than play well.
Third, fry is a noble profession. Contemporary folk yue: first-class professional fry stock, secondary vocational and professional advertising street name. Third-class Don't make the vendors, medicine.hurry fry two play.
Four, the stock market is the spiralling, can make a person to get rich quick. Shake it and courage and strength; luck, Don't shake, money of leaves will fall in your head.
Five, the stock market full of philosophy, the static and dynamic can tell you, pleasure and pain, rich and poor, and the philosophy of life and death. Choose to think, fry with the philosopher.
Six, the market can temper one's will, make the person is strong, even to cut meat will utter on Saturday, as the war with the enemy tortured and never renegade underground workers.
Seven, fry is full of excitement, can smoke in the war and peace through baptism, "television, sound", "was", good KuHao cool!
Eight, buy stocks is bought in the future, who does not wish a better tomorrow? Youth without regrets, the future, I take money betting priceless tomorrow, value!
Nine, fry, the game is wise to have high culture, review and profound theory. Don't believe the fund manager at least, why are eligible to dr ma, natural materials shall bear my Fried.
Ten, the stock market full of imagination. Don't think of things, not dare to think, dare do make money, have imagination can make paper money.
11 and market can widen again obtain employment channels, alleviate employment pressure.
Twelve, fry equates to patriotism. The government from stock financing billions every year. Millions of people have donated money for helping soes into the Treasury, stamp ty.
13 and stock elixir, especially the lonely, indifference, selfish and alzheimer's disease. Want to say goodbye to cancer, please.
14, fry can prevent crime, especially the gambling. Fry stock, PaiJiu kumite mahjong tyre was not interested.
15 and fry QianTiaoWanTiao reason, but ultimately only one: right! Fry
Don't fry 35 reason
A stock is a big dye VAT, and if you don't care who put in hand, you will lose. If want to wash, also won't wash clean. Want to JieShenZiHao, please don't fry.
Second, the stock market risk, it is not only will your riches sinister, lane is bad also forfeits his hide.
Third, market with "black" words are too much. The black box and shady, black, black, black... Howl, if you don't, please don't fry colluding.
Four, the stock market is sometimes tell. False performance, false report, reorganization, are false, Big, big and silly, greed, big, Fry, except as stir-fry air, jiaogechan enpty hands. Stir-fry high price is very beautiful, and performance of listed companies, and total salary 1300 yuan only two cents, you get to repay, you believe or not.
Five, the stock market is not fair. As you see firsthand material retail, hear a information, not even see the first-class service, market even didn't have to sit bench. Fry is asking for SINS.
Six, investors identity meanness. Nine people, people who? Calculate only nine etc. "DengWaiPin" outside, millions of people are not even a association, like into hangxiao that fraud, collective action, the court is not accepted.
Seven, the stock market is the department, you put money machine, others without proving am can carry away, and not dozen receipt. Sing a song is so: please take me to your home, stock, please leave your money. Will money or stocks, please choose!
Eight, fry with gambling, and most easily knoe corruption. Banker like "cheat" perspective, wear contact lens, visible, a large number of small organ, you still dare to fry?
Nine, fry is broken families. A man should not wife, family shares by more and more weak, fry stock is the radiant party.
Ten, exchange, good and evil people mixed up, old crowded, people often not to many places, the easiest to cut the purse.
11 and fry as "religious", GuPingGu superstition, superstition of subjects, such as magic, the man went into a believer.
Twelve, fry, if not, is the lowest level of career. As a modern ShunKouLiu can find work, only the stocks, the unit after class, the stock market had mixed.
13 and fry can make people, all the investors for the old stock depth, no less money hold-op smitten, but didn't earn less wrinkles.
14 and fry diseases, especially hypertension can stroke hysteria, etc. Now, in the public eloquent speaker, but is no longer sell leather is the plaster investors.
15, can be addictive, fry the intense dependence, 1 don't fry, moment seems like three years. Suggest the government offered by compulsory quit shares, to save slip investors.
中文翻译：
一、股市能改变人生，使侏儒变成巨人。远的有巴菲特、比尔·盖茨、李嘉诚、刘元生，近的有杨惠研、马云、史玉柱、刘芳、李予成，他们都因股票市值剧增而受人羡慕景仰。
二、股市像一个大舞台，每日上演着轰轰烈烈的悲喜剧。演员不用化妆，更毋需演技，能炒就是明星。尽管悲剧人物多于喜剧角色，但悲剧总比没有剧好。
三、炒股是一种高尚的职业。当代民谣曰：一流职业炒股票，二流职业做广告，三流职业满街叫。不想做叫卖的摊贩，请来炒两把玩玩。
四、股市是棵摇钱树，能使人快速致富。摇动它，全凭力气勇气加运气；不摇，钞票般的树叶不会掉在你头上。
五、股市充满了哲学，能告诉你静与动、苦与乐、穷与富、生与死的哲理。选股要作思考状，炒股者跟哲学家没两样。
六、股市能磨炼人的意志，使人坚强，即使割肉断臂也不会吭上一声，如同战争年代面对敌人严刑拷打也永不变节的地下工作者。
七、炒股充满了刺激，能在和平年代经受战火与硝烟的洗礼，时而“亮剑”，时而吹响“集结号”，好酷好爽呀！
八、买股票就是买未来，谁不愿明天更美好？青春无悔，未来无价，我拿金钱赌明天，值！
九、炒股是智者的游戏，要有很高的文化修养，股评理论高深莫测。不信，为何基金经理起码要博士硕士才有资格担当，天生我材必炒股。
十、股市充满了想象力。不敢想的事敢想，不敢做的事敢做，有钱能使鬼推磨，有想象能使纸变钱。
十一、股市能拓宽再就业渠道，减轻社会就业压力。
十二、炒股等同于爱国。政府每年能从股市融资数千亿。上亿股民都为国企脱困捐了款，为国库交足了印花税。
十三、股市能治百病，特别是孤独、冷漠、自私和老年痴呆症。想告别病魔，请来炒股。
十四、炒股能预防犯罪，特别是赌博犯罪。炒过股票的人，对打麻将推牌九都不感兴趣。
十五、炒股的理由千条万条，但归根结底只有一条：就是炒股有理！
不炒股的十五条理由
一、股市是个大染缸，谁要是不小心把手放进去，就会失去本色。即使想金盆洗手，也洗不干净。要想洁身自好，请不要炒股。
二、股市有风险，其险恶在于不仅要你钱财，弄不好还会赔上小命。
三、股市同“黑”字有太多的渊源。黑箱、黑幕、黑马、黑庄、黑熊……近墨者黑，倘若你不想同流合污，请不要炒股。
四、股市有时是个假大空的场所。假业绩、假年报、假重组，都是假；大话、大傻、大贪，都是大；炒股如同炒空气，除了交割单，两手空空。股价炒得很高，业绩很漂亮，有上市公司老总年薪1300万元，而只分你两毛钱，得不到业绩回报，信不信由你。
五、股市太不公平。身为散户你看不到一手资料，听不到一线信息，得不到一流服务，甚至看大盘连冷板凳都没得坐。炒股等于自找罪受。
六、股民身份低贱。人分九等，股民算老几？只能算九等之外的“等外品”，上亿股民连个协会都没有，受了像杭萧钢构那样的欺诈，集体诉讼，法院都不受理。
七、股市是部提款机，你把钱放进去，别人无须验明正身就能提走，且不打收条。有首歌是这样唱的：请把我的股带回你的家，请把你的钞票留下。要钞票还是要股，请选择吧！
八、炒股跟赌博没什么两样，且最容易滋生腐败。庄家如同“老千”，戴着隐形透视镜，看得见底牌，掌握着开大开小的机关，你还敢炒吗？
九、炒股是家庭破裂的导火索。男人要股不要妻，家庭观念被越炒越淡，而股票就是那勾魂摄魄的第三者。
十、交易厅人满为患，鱼龙混杂，老人常告诫，不要到人多的地方去，最容易被人掏了钱包。
十一、炒股如同“信教”，迷信股评家，迷信概念，对题材走火如魔，把人变为信徒。
十二、炒股算不上职业，如果算的话，也是最低级的职业。有一时髦顺口溜为证：工作没法找，只把股票炒，单位下了课，股市混着过。
十三、炒股能使人衰老，股民无时无刻不为股票深度套牢魂牵梦萦，钱没少赔，皱纹却没少赚。
十四、炒股能生百病，特别是高血压中风歇斯底里症等。如今能在大庭广众口若悬河的，不再是演说家，除了卖狗皮膏药的便是股民。
十五、炒股能使人上瘾，产生强烈的依赖性，一日不炒，如隔三秋。建议政府开办强制戒股所，以挽救失足股民。
‘玖’ 股市有风险，入市需谨慎 英文专业翻译
investment has certain risks, be wised with your decision.
there is the risk of stock market, investment should be cautious.
‘拾’ 股市有风险,投资要谨慎的英文翻译
The stock market is risky investments to be cautious