① 股票投资收益率的计算公式
股票投资收益的计算一般与银行的存款、理财计算差不多，都是按季度、年来计算的，而不仅仅是按当天股票波动来计算的。
股票投资收益率公式：投资利润率=年平均利润总额/投资总额*100%，
其中年平均利润总额=年均产品收入-年均总成本-年均销售税金及附加，
比如，小王，用100万炒股，一年下来，平均利润为20万，那么，他的投资利率=20/100*100%=20%。
风险揭示：本信息不构成任何投资建议，投资者不应以该等信息取代其独立判断或仅根据该等信息作出决策，不构成任何买卖操作，不保证任何收益。如自行操作，请注意仓位控制和风险控制。
拓展资料：
影响股票涨跌的最直接因素是供求关系，股票涨跌与其它的商品一样受到供求关系的影响，其原理是一样的。
下面分3个方面进行阐述；
1、一般情况下，影响股票价格变动的最主要因素是股票的供求关系。在股票市场上，当某种（支）股票供不应求时，其股票价格就可能上涨到价值以上；而当种（支）股票供过于求时，其股票价格就会下降到价值以下。同时，价格的变化会反过来调整和改变市场的供求关系，使得价格不断围绕着价值上下波动。
2、股票在交易市场上作为交易对象，同商品一样，有自己的市场行情和市场价格。由于股票价格要受到诸如公司经营状况、供求关系、银行利率、大众心理等多种因素的影响，其波动有很大的不确定性。
3、外界的政策影响对股票价格也有波动，因外界的政策影响对某种（支）股票的方向有调控的作用
股票的交易时间：星期一至星期五上午9:30至11:30，下午13:00至15:00；
休息日：周六、周日和上证所公告的休市日不交易。（一般为五一、十一、春节、元旦、清明、端午、中秋等国家法定节假日）；
上午9:15开始，投资人就可以下单，委托价格限于前一个营业日收盘价的加减百分之十，即在当日的涨跌停板之间；
9:25前委托的单子，在上午9:25时撮合，得出的价格便是所谓“开盘价”。9:25到9:30之间委托的单子，在9:30才开始处理。如果你委托的价格无法在当个交易日成交的话，隔一个交易日则必须重新挂单。
根据规定，卖出股票资金由银证转账转入银行，实行的是T+1制度，简单来说就是当天成功卖出股票后要第二天才能转入银行，进而取现。虽然将资金转到银行卡通常需要在下一个交易日，但也会有例外。如果周一、周二、周三、周四卖出股票，可在第二天转出至银行账号。如果是周五卖出，则需要下周一才能转出至银行账号。
另外，关于资金到账时间还需要注意一点，从证券资金账户转至银行账号叫银证转账，通常是在工作日的早9点到下午4点可操作，其他时间操作无效。如果大家计划将证券账户资金转出到银行卡，必须在可操作时间内进行。
② 求高手解答这道数学建模问题：投资组合问题，美国某三种股票（A，B，C）12年（1943—1954）的价格（已经包
从分析来看，a股票波动比较小，c股票比b票波动相对落后，b股票没有明显回落，c股还会上涨，建议建仓c股
③ 急急急！！！利率变动对股市影响的数学公式（数学模型也可以）
没有公式，你看下面的信息自己做一个正反比例的模型，然后倒入这几年的经济数据拟合吧！！
（参考资料，英文中文都有）
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一般理论上来说,利率下降时,股票的价格就上涨；利率上升时,股票的价格就会下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市场的关系,也成为股票投资者据以买进和卖出股票的重要依据。
利率对于股票的影响可以分成三种途径:
一是利率变动造成的资产组合替代效应,利率变动通过影响存款收益率,投资者就会对股票和储蓄以及债券之间做出选择,实现资本的保值增值。
通过资产重新组合进而影响资金流向和流量,最终必然会影响到股票市场的资金供求和股票价格。利率上升,一部分资金可能从股市转而投向银行储蓄和债券,从而会减少市场上的资金供应量,减少股票需求,股票价格下降；反之,利率下降,股票市场资金供应增加,股票价格将上升。
二是利率对上市公司经营的影响,进而影响公司未来的估值水平。
贷款利率提高会加重企业利息负担,从而减少企业的盈利,进而减少企业的股票分红派息,受利率的提高和股票分红派息降低的双重影响,股票价格必然会下降。相反,贷款利率下调将减轻企业利息负担,降低企业生产经营成本,提高企业盈利能力,使企业可以增加股票的分红派息。受利率的降低和股票分红派息增加的双重影响,股票价格将大幅上升。
三是利率变动对股票内在价值的影响。
股票资产的内在价值是由资产在未来时期中所接受的现金流决定的,股票的内在价值与一定风险下的贴现率呈反比关系,如果将银行间拆借、银行间债券与证券交易所的债券回购利率作为参考的贴现率,则贴现率的上扬必然导致股票内在价值的降低,从而也会使股票价格相应下降。股指的变化与市场的贴现率呈现反向变化,贴现率上升,股票的内在价值下降,股指将下降；反之,贴现率下降,股价指数上升。
以上的传导途径应该是较长的一个时期才能体现出来的,利率调整与股价变动之间通常有一个时滞效应,因为利率下调首先引起储蓄分流,增加股市的资金供给,更多的资金追逐同样多的股票,才能引起股价上涨,利率下调到股价上涨之间有一个过程。如我国央行自1996年5月以来的八次下调存款利率,到2002年1年期定期储蓄存款的实际收益率只有1.58%。在股票价格在较长时间内持续上涨的情况下,股票投资的收益率远远高于存款的报酬率,一部分储蓄存款转化为股票投资,从而加快了储蓄分流的步伐。从我国居民储蓄存款增长率来看,1994年居民储蓄存款增长率45.6%,之后增幅连年下滑,而同一时期股票市场发展迅速,1999年下半年开始储蓄分流明显加快,到2000年分流达到顶点,同年我国居民储蓄存款增长率仅为7.9%。这一年股票市场也牛气冲天。2001年储蓄分流则明显减缓,增长率14.7%,居民储蓄倾向增强。2001年股市波动性加大,股价持续几个月的大幅回调,则是2001年储蓄分流减缓、居民储蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。
另外,利率对于企业的经营成本影响同样需要一个生产和销售的资本运转过程,短时间内,难以体现出来。因此,利率和股票市场的相关性要从长期来把握。
实际上,就中长期而言,利率升降和股市的涨跌也并不是简单的负相关关系。就是说,中长期股价指数的走势不仅仅只受利率走势的影响,它同时对经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的反应也很敏感。如果经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响,股价指数的走势就会与利率的中长期走势相背离。
典型如美国的利率调整和股市走势就出现同步上涨的过程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由于经济处于稳步增长阶段,逐步收紧的货币政策并未使经济下滑,公司盈利与股价走势也保持了良好态势,加息之后,股票市场反而走高,其根本原因是经济增长的影响大于加息的影响。
我国从1996年5月进入降息周期的拐点。股指也进入上升周期。利率与股指的走势发生了5年的负相关关系。但2001年在利率没有进入升息周期的情况下,股指开始了下跌的趋势。分析其原因,我国非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响。人们对非流通的国有股将进入市场流通的担心和恐惧导致了股市投资的风险和收益发生了非对称的变化。从这个角度来看,由于我国目前非市场宏观政策因素仍然有比较大的不确定性,所以利率对股市的影响不能够成为我们研究和预测股市中长期走势的主要因素。
就短期而言,我国利率的变动对股价的走势很难判断存在相关性。利率调整当天和随后的股价波动并不能说明二者之间有何必然的联系。从当前股市的状况分析,很明显也和利率的走势不符合理论上的负相关性。股票市场的低迷更多地被归结为上市公司的质量以及诸多体制性问题和投资者信心问题。因此,在看待我国加息预期对于股票市场的影响时,还要考虑其他诸多因素,而不能简单从前文所述的理论关系来判断。利率只是影响股市的因素之一,而不是惟一决定因素。因此,我们不能唯利率升降是从,要具体分析,何况即使利率上升,股市也并不是就完全没有投资机会。（
Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.
The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)
The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.
Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)
Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both indivials and businesses are affected.
The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Indivials are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).
Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of indivial consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)
Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices.
If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Instrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)
Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.
Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.
Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.
Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.
④ 急求求一篇投资组合的收益与风险的数学建模论文
用一个项目的风险溢价（收益率减去无风险收益率 题目里银行没有损失的可能 所以无风险利率是5.5%）除以项目的标准差 得到了这个项目承担一个标准差需要提升的收益率
通常这个数值越高 说明这个方案在同等风险下越有吸引力
可以根据风险损失率算出每个项目的标准差 然后用风险溢价除这个标准差
然后把钱投到各个项目上（由刚才的数值，从大到小投资）
【题目第一没给出每个项目需要投资好多钱 二没给出每个行业之间的协方差 这在里只能假设不同项目协方差为0】
⑤ 证券投资问题 数学建模
⑥ 股票投资数学建模问题
风险最小就是相关系数之和最小的方案吧
投资回报率和风险的关系，就是收益期望和相关系数之间的函数
数学不好，只能乱说说了
⑦ 数学建摸 组合投资的收益和风险问题 该怎么做
这是你们老师布置的题吧，这里有个资料
http://www.ifdanger.com/
有风险控制的最优资产组合的数学建模与计算分析
张鸿雁,任叶庆
主要解决有风险控制的最优资产组合问题。采用修正后的序列 log-最优资产组合模型 :取多周期收益率乘积对数值的期望值 ,约束条件为 :(1)风险控制函数值应在 [rmin,rmax]范围内 ;(2 )资产组合的分量之和为 1。在算法实现时则采用一种新兴方法——最优保存遗传算法 ,并用 C语言实现。
【作者单位】：中南大学数学科学与计算技术学院 湖南长沙410083 (张鸿雁);中南大学数学科学与计算技术学院 湖南长沙410083(任叶庆)
【关键词】：最优保存;遗传算法;风险控制;多周期收益;最优资产组合
【基金】：中南大学文理基金资助项目
【分类号】：F224.3
【DOI】：cnki:ISSN:1001-4098.0.2002-05-007
【正文快照】：
在投资过程中存在着风险 ,投资者要采取各种风险规避措施 ,方法之一就是将其总资产重新组合进行投资 ,分散总风险 ,即资产组合。近几年来 ,国内外的许多学者对此问题已有了很多的研究成果 ,但大都是采用经典的最优化方法在可行域内搜索最优解 ,在算法的实现过程中一般都用的是
⑧ 计算股票价值的模型有哪些
常见的方法有三种：1.Discounted Cash Flow(DCF)折现法2.Dividend Discount Model（DDM）股息折现法3.Earning Growth Model（EGM）盈利成长法。
DCF法
DCF法，即现金流量折现法，通常是企业价值评估的首选方法。DCF法的步骤是:
1)确定未来收益年限T;
2)预测未来T年内现金流;
3)确定期望的回报率(贴现率);
4)用贴现率将现金流贴现后加总。
DDM法
就是以股息率为标准评估股票价值，对希望从投资中获得现金流量收益的投资者特别有用。可使用简化后的计算公式：股票价格=预期来年股息/投资者要求的回报率。
例如：汇控今年预期股息0.32美元（约2.50港元），投资者希望资本回报为年5.5%，其它因素不变情况下，汇控目标价应为45.50元。
盈利成长法
相对估值在操作上相对简单，在默认市场对同类股票估值正确的前提下，用不同的企业数据（账面股本价值，销售额，净利润，EBITDA等）乘以相应的乘数（乘数是由市场上同类股票的估值除以其相应的企业数据得出的）。
最为投资者广泛应用的盈利标准比率是市盈率（PE），其公式：市盈率=股价/每股收益。使用市盈率有以下好处，计算简单，数据采集很容易，每天经济类报纸上均有相关资料，被称为历史市盈率或静态市盈率。但要注意，为更准确反映股票价格未来的趋势，应使用预期市盈率，即在公式中代入预期收益。
由于未来因素具有不确定性，无论用绝对估值和相对估值得出的往往都是一个价格区间
的估值则相对简单。
股票估值分类
1.绝对估值
就是用企业数据结合市场利率能算出来的估值。具体思路就是将企业未来的某种流（经营所产生的流，股息，净利润等）用与其在风险，时间长度上相匹配的回报率贴现得到的价值。
2.相对估值
是使用市盈率、市净率、市售率、市现率等价格指标与其它多只股票(对比系)进行对比，如果低于对比系的相应的指标值的平均值，股票价格被低估，股价将很有希望上涨，使得指标回归对比系的平均值。
⑨ 股票投资中,利率分析认为什么
股票投资中，利率分析是提高投资分析有效性和可靠性的重要手段。根据查询的相关资料显示，基本分析法是以传统经济学理论为基础，以企业价值作为主要研究对象，通过对决定企业内在价值和影响股票价格的宏观经济形势、行业发展前景、企业经营状况等进行详尽分析，以大概测算上市公司的长期投资价值和安全边际，并与当前的股票价格进行比较，形成相应的投资建议。基本分析认为股价波动不可能被准确预测，而只能在有足够安全边际的情况下买入股票并长期持有。