股票价格走势拟合

A. 怎样计算一只股票的拟合值和残值

相对价值法又称乘数估值法，指的是现在在证券市场上经常使用到的市盈率法、市净率法、市销率法等比较简单通用的比较方法。它是利用类似企业的市场价来确定目标企业价值的一种评估方法。这种方法是假设存在一个支配企业市场价值的主要变量，而市场价值与该变量的比值对各企业而言是类似的、可比较的。由此可以在市场上选择一个或几个跟目标企业类似的企业，在分析比较的基础上，修正、调整目标企业的市场价值，最后确定被评估企业的市场价值。实践中被用作计算企业相对价值模型的有市盈率、市净率、收入乘数等比率模型，最常用的相对价值法包括市盈率法和市净率法两种。
市价/净收益比率模型（市盈率法）
市盈率=每股市价/每股净利
运用市盈率估价的模型如下：
目标企业每股价值=可比企业平均市盈率*目标企业的每股收益
市价/净资产比率模型（市净率法）
市净率=市价/净资产
这种方法假设股权价值是净资产的函数，类似企业有相同的市净率，净资产越大则股权价值越大。因此，股权价值是净资产的一定倍数，目标企业的价值可以用每股净资产乘以平均市净率计算。
股权价值=可比企业平均市净率*目标企业净资产

B. 股票直线拟合是什么意思

就是针对某段行情，找到一条直线，使得这段行情在该线附近振荡。
如果严格说的话，假设一段行情从t0开始，到T结束，时间单位是dt，我们把股票行情记为f(t), t是时间。而直线就可以表示为line = a t, a是斜率，t是时间。
目的就是找到一个最好的a来拟合f(t):
即 min {SUM_t0^T (f(t)-at)^2}

C. eviews中运用某个股票的价格拟合ARIMA模型，如何处理其中的缺失值

eviews拟合ARIMA模型问题均可＋名中我QQ来给以解决。

D. 如何计算股票的理论价值（真实价值）

根据行业不同,其价值与财务的一些指标也是不一样的,比如钢铁股,它的价值应该是每股赢利*10,但要是航空,或酒类,很明显这个价值是太低了,所以,这也是需要一种经验的，你在股市呆时间长了，毕竟会知道每一个版块的价值应该是多少,不过如果你非要想好好学学的,那就学学上市公司财务报表分析吧,不过这对一般的股民比较难，它比如要具备会计的知识,金融的知识和货币银行学的知识,所以你根据自己的能力来选择是凭经验还是凭理论吧,金融投资本来就是个专业的工作，其实散民在没有什么相关知识而匆忙入市,这也是中国股市有那么多"捐躯者"的原因,我是学金融专业的,而且也在股市里做了几年,深知还是从理论开始学比较好的,有问题可以联系我，

E. 实际波动率的概念

要明确实际波动率，首先要从波动率的概念入手。波动率（Volatility）：是指关于资产未来价格不确定性的度量。它通常用资产回报率的标准差来衡量。也可以指某一证券的一年最高价减去最低价的值再除以最低价所得到的比率。业内将波动率定义为价格比率自然对数的标准差。波动率的种类有：实际波动率，隐含波动率，历史波动率等等，实际波动率便是波动率的一种。

F. 如何用Arma模型做股票估计

时间序列分析是经济领域应用研究最广泛的工具之一,它用恰当的模型描述历史数据随时间变化的规律,并分析预测变量值。ARMA模型是一种最常见的重要时间序列模型,被广泛应用到经济领域预测中。给出ARMA模型的模式和实现方法,然后结合具体股票数据揭示股票变换的规律性,并运用ARMA模型对股票价格进行预测。
选取长江证券股票具体数据进行实证分析
1.数据选取。
由于时间序列模型往往需要大样本,所以这里我选取长江证券从09/03/20到09/06/19日开盘价,前后约三个月,共计60个样本,基本满足ARMA建模要求。
数据来源:大智慧股票分析软件导出的数据(股价趋势图如下)
从上图可看出有一定的趋势走向,应为非平稳过程,对其取对数lnS,再观察其平稳性。
2.数据平稳性分析。
先用EVIEWS生成新序列lnS并用ADF检验其平稳性。
(1)ADF平稳性检验,首先直接对数据平稳检验,没通过检验,即不平稳。
可以看出lnS没有通过检验,也是一个非平稳过程,那么我们想到要对其进行差分。
(2)一阶差分后平稳性检验,ADF检验结果如下,通过1%的显着检验,即数据一阶差分后平稳。
可以看出差分后,明显看出ADF Test Statistic 为-5.978381绝对值是大于1%的显着水平下的临界值的,所以可以通过平稳性检验。
3.确定适用模型,并定阶。可以先生成原始数据的一阶差分数据dls,并观测其相关系数AC和偏自相关系数PAC,以确定其是为AR,MA或者是ARMA模型。
(1)先观测一阶差分数据dls的AC和PAC图。经检验可以看出AC和PAC皆没有明显的截尾性,尝试用ARMA模型,具体的滞后项p,q值还需用AIC和SC具体确定。
(2)尝试不同模型,根据AIC和SC最小化的原理确定模型ARMA(p,q)。经多轮比较不同ARMA(p,q)模型,可以得出相对应AIC 和 SC的值。
经过多次比较最终发现ARMA(1,1)过程的AIC和SC都是最小的。最终选取ARIMA(1,1,1)模型作为预测模型。并得出此模型的具体表达式为:
DLS t = 0.9968020031 DLS (t-1)- 1.164830718 U (t-1) + U t
4.ARMA模型的检验。选取ARIMA(1,1,1)模型,定阶和做参数估计后,还应对其残差序列进行检验,对其残差的AC和Q统计检验发现其残差自相关基本在0附近,且Q值基本通过检验,残差不明显存在相关,即可认为残差中没有包含太多信息,模型拟合基本符合。
5.股价预测。利用以上得出的模型,然后对长江证券6月22日、23日、24日股价预测得出预测值并与实际值比较如下。
有一定的误差,但相比前期的涨跌趋势基本吻合,这里出现第一个误差超出预想的是因为6月22日正好是礼拜一,波动较大,这里正验证了有研究文章用GARCH方法得出的礼拜一波动大的结果。除了礼拜一的误差大点,其他日期的误差皆在接受范围内。
综上所述,ARMA模型较好的解决了非平稳时间序列的建模问题,可以在时间序列的预测方面有很好的表现。借助EViews软件,可以很方便地将ARMA模型应用于金融等时间序列问题的研究和预测方面,为决策者提供决策指导和帮助。当然,由于金融时间序列的复杂性,很好的模拟还需要更进一步的研究和探讨。在后期,将继续在这方面做出自己的摸索。

G. 常用的趋势指标有哪些

股票技术指标是相对于基本分析而言的，着重于对一般经济情况以及各个公司的经营管理状况、行业动态等因素进行分析，衡量股价高低的指标。而技术分析则是透过图表或技术指标的记录，研究市场行为反应，以推测价格的变动趋势。其依据的技术指标的主要内容是由股价、成交量或涨跌指数等数据计算而来。指标类别有：随机指标KDJ、ASI指标、布林指标BOLL、BRAR指标、KDJ判断原则等。

温馨提示：
1、以上解释仅供参考，不作任何建议。
2、入市有风险，投资需谨慎。
应答时间：2021-03-23，最新业务变化请以平安银行官网公布为准。
[平安银行我知道]想要知道更多？快来看“平安银行我知道”吧~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

H. 急急急！！！利率变动对股市影响的数学公式（数学模型也可以）

没有公式，你看下面的信息自己做一个正反比例的模型，然后倒入这几年的经济数据拟合吧！！
（参考资料，英文中文都有）

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
一般理论上来说,利率下降时,股票的价格就上涨；利率上升时,股票的价格就会下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市场的关系,也成为股票投资者据以买进和卖出股票的重要依据。

利率对于股票的影响可以分成三种途径:

一是利率变动造成的资产组合替代效应,利率变动通过影响存款收益率,投资者就会对股票和储蓄以及债券之间做出选择,实现资本的保值增值。

通过资产重新组合进而影响资金流向和流量,最终必然会影响到股票市场的资金供求和股票价格。利率上升,一部分资金可能从股市转而投向银行储蓄和债券,从而会减少市场上的资金供应量,减少股票需求,股票价格下降；反之,利率下降,股票市场资金供应增加,股票价格将上升。

二是利率对上市公司经营的影响,进而影响公司未来的估值水平。

贷款利率提高会加重企业利息负担,从而减少企业的盈利,进而减少企业的股票分红派息,受利率的提高和股票分红派息降低的双重影响,股票价格必然会下降。相反,贷款利率下调将减轻企业利息负担,降低企业生产经营成本,提高企业盈利能力,使企业可以增加股票的分红派息。受利率的降低和股票分红派息增加的双重影响,股票价格将大幅上升。

三是利率变动对股票内在价值的影响。

股票资产的内在价值是由资产在未来时期中所接受的现金流决定的,股票的内在价值与一定风险下的贴现率呈反比关系,如果将银行间拆借、银行间债券与证券交易所的债券回购利率作为参考的贴现率,则贴现率的上扬必然导致股票内在价值的降低,从而也会使股票价格相应下降。股指的变化与市场的贴现率呈现反向变化,贴现率上升,股票的内在价值下降,股指将下降；反之,贴现率下降,股价指数上升。

以上的传导途径应该是较长的一个时期才能体现出来的,利率调整与股价变动之间通常有一个时滞效应,因为利率下调首先引起储蓄分流,增加股市的资金供给,更多的资金追逐同样多的股票,才能引起股价上涨,利率下调到股价上涨之间有一个过程。如我国央行自1996年5月以来的八次下调存款利率,到2002年1年期定期储蓄存款的实际收益率只有1.58%。在股票价格在较长时间内持续上涨的情况下,股票投资的收益率远远高于存款的报酬率,一部分储蓄存款转化为股票投资,从而加快了储蓄分流的步伐。从我国居民储蓄存款增长率来看,1994年居民储蓄存款增长率45.6%,之后增幅连年下滑,而同一时期股票市场发展迅速,1999年下半年开始储蓄分流明显加快,到2000年分流达到顶点,同年我国居民储蓄存款增长率仅为7.9%。这一年股票市场也牛气冲天。2001年储蓄分流则明显减缓,增长率14.7%,居民储蓄倾向增强。2001年股市波动性加大,股价持续几个月的大幅回调,则是2001年储蓄分流减缓、居民储蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。

另外,利率对于企业的经营成本影响同样需要一个生产和销售的资本运转过程,短时间内,难以体现出来。因此,利率和股票市场的相关性要从长期来把握。

实际上,就中长期而言,利率升降和股市的涨跌也并不是简单的负相关关系。就是说,中长期股价指数的走势不仅仅只受利率走势的影响,它同时对经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的反应也很敏感。如果经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响,股价指数的走势就会与利率的中长期走势相背离。

典型如美国的利率调整和股市走势就出现同步上涨的过程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由于经济处于稳步增长阶段,逐步收紧的货币政策并未使经济下滑,公司盈利与股价走势也保持了良好态势,加息之后,股票市场反而走高,其根本原因是经济增长的影响大于加息的影响。

我国从1996年5月进入降息周期的拐点。股指也进入上升周期。利率与股指的走势发生了5年的负相关关系。但2001年在利率没有进入升息周期的情况下,股指开始了下跌的趋势。分析其原因,我国非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响。人们对非流通的国有股将进入市场流通的担心和恐惧导致了股市投资的风险和收益发生了非对称的变化。从这个角度来看,由于我国目前非市场宏观政策因素仍然有比较大的不确定性,所以利率对股市的影响不能够成为我们研究和预测股市中长期走势的主要因素。

就短期而言,我国利率的变动对股价的走势很难判断存在相关性。利率调整当天和随后的股价波动并不能说明二者之间有何必然的联系。从当前股市的状况分析,很明显也和利率的走势不符合理论上的负相关性。股票市场的低迷更多地被归结为上市公司的质量以及诸多体制性问题和投资者信心问题。因此,在看待我国加息预期对于股票市场的影响时,还要考虑其他诸多因素,而不能简单从前文所述的理论关系来判断。利率只是影响股市的因素之一,而不是惟一决定因素。因此,我们不能唯利率升降是从,要具体分析,何况即使利率上升,股市也并不是就完全没有投资机会。（

Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.

The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)

The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.

Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)

Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both indivials and businesses are affected.

The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Indivials are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).

Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of indivial consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)

Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices.

If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Instrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)

Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.

Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.

Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.

Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.

I. 股票价格的随机游走的含义

随机游走模型的提出是与证券价格的变动模式紧密联系在一起的。最早使用统计方法分析收益率的着作是在 1900年由路易·巴舍利耶（Louis Bachelier）发表的，他把用于分析赌博的方法用于股票、债券、期货和期权。在巴舍利耶的论文中，其具有开拓性的贡献就在于认识到随机游走过程是布 朗运动。1953年，英国统计学家肯德尔在应用时间序列分析研究股票价格波动并试图得出股票价格波动的模式时，得到了一个令人大感意外的结论：股票价格没 有任何规律可寻，它就象“一个醉汉走步一样，几乎宛若机会之魔每周仍出一个随机数字，把它加在目前的价格上，以此决定下一周的价格。”即股价遵循的是随机 游走规律。
这也跟市场有效原则有关
弱有效证券市场是指证券价格能够充分反映价格历史序列中包含的所有信息，如有关证券的价格、交易量等。如果这些历史信息对证券价格变动都不会产生任何影响，则意味着证券市场达到了弱有效。